Compositions, delivery systems, and methods useful in tumor therapy

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compounds, compositions, systems, and methods useful for treating disease (such as cancer and tumors), or binding, detecting, and affecting compounds, compositions, cells, tissues, and organs, where the compounds, compositions, systems, and methods include or involve toxic compounds and where the toxic effect of the compounds, compositions, systems, and methods is reduced by providing a cleavage site to facilitate separation of the toxic component from other components of the compound, composition, or system. Preferably the system is a composition delivery system comprising or using a composition as disclosed herein. In some forms, the cleavage of the composition delivers a therapeutic agent and avoids organ damage by the composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application No.PCT/US2021/057880 filed Nov. 3, 2021, which claims the benefit of andpriority to U.S. Application No. 63/109,186 filed Nov. 3, 2020, and U.S.Application No. 63/256,885 filed Oct. 18, 2021, the contents of whichare incorporated by reference in their entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing submitted Jan. 17, 2022, as a text file named“INDI_111_CON_ST25.txt,” created on Jan. 11, 2022, and having a size of14,065 bytes is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The disclosed invention is generally in the field of compositiondelivery systems and in particular in the field of composition deliverysystems for reducing toxicity or toxic effects of compounds andcompositions administered to patients.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Targeted delivery of compositions to a tumor or organ for a therapeuticeffect may require modification of the drug or composition for deliveryto the site of interest. We describe a modification to a PCC that maycleave to deliver a therapeutic to a specific target. The modificationis organ protective.

Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or thelike which has been included in the present specification is not to betaken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of theprior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant tothe present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of eachclaim of this application.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed are compounds, compositions, systems, and methods useful fortreating disease (such as cancer and tumors), or binding, detecting, andaffecting compounds, compositions, cells, tissues, and organs, where thecompounds, compositions, systems, and methods include or involve toxiccompounds and where the toxic effect of the compounds, compositions,systems, and methods is reduced by providing a cleavage site tofacilitate separation of the toxic component from other components ofthe compound, composition, or system. Preferably the system is acomposition delivery system comprising or using a composition asdisclosed herein. In some forms, the cleavage of the compositiondelivers a therapeutic agent and avoids organ damage by the composition.

Disclosed are compositions comprising a first component and a secondcomponent, where the first and second components are coupled via alinking component, where the linking component comprises a neprilysin(NEP) cleavage site, where the NEP cleavage site can be cleaved by NEP,where cleavage of NEP cleavage site separates the first component fromthe second component.

In some forms, the first component is toxic. In some forms, the firstcomponent is toxic to a cell, to an organ, or to both. In some forms,the first component is toxic to the kidney, lung or heart. In someforms, the first component is nephrotoxic.

In some forms, the separation of the first component from the secondcomponent reduces toxic effect of the first component to the cell, theorgan, a subject containing the cell, the organ, or both, or acombination thereof, compared to the toxic effect of the uncleavedcomposition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effect is atleast partially due to an increased delivery percentage of the separatedfirst component to a tumor compared to the delivery percentage of theuncleaved composition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effectis at least partially due to an increased delivery rate of the separatedfirst component to a tumor compared to the delivery rate of theuncleaved composition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effectis at least partially due to an increased rate of clearance of theseparated first component from the subject compared to the rate ofclearance of the uncleaved composition. In some forms, the reduction inthe toxic effect is at least partially due to an increased deliverypercentage of the separated first component to a second cell, to asecond organ, or to both compared to the delivery percentage of theuncleaved composition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effectis at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage of theseparated first component to the cell, to the organ, or to both comparedto the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.

Where the first component is toxic to the kidney, separation of thefirst component from the second component reduces toxic effect of thefirst component to the kidney by, for example, increasing clearance bythe kidney of the toxic first component, thus reducing toxicity of thecomposition.

In some forms, the NEP cleavage site comprises Gly-Phe-Lys orMet-Val-Lys. In some forms, the first component comprises a therapeuticagent, a detection agent, or a combination thereof. In some forms, thefirst component comprises a radioisotope. In some forms, theradioisotope is ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ^(99m)Tc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁵¹Cr,¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁴¹Ce, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁴⁰La, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁸Y, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶⁵Dy,¹⁶⁶Dy, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²⁰³Pb, ²¹²Bi, ²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi, ²¹⁴Bi, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹¹⁷mSn, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶¹Tb ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁸F,⁸⁹Zr, ¹²⁴I, ⁸⁶Y, ^(94m)Tc, ^(110m)In, ¹¹C, or ⁷⁶Br. In some forms, theradioisotope is ¹⁷⁷Lu or ⁶⁸Ga.

In some forms, the second component comprises a ligand. In some forms,the ligand can bind to a target. In some forms, the second componentcomprises a biligand. In some forms, the second component comprises aheterobiligand. In some forms, the biligand and the heterobiligand eachcomprise two ligands, where both of the two ligands of the biligand andheterobiligand can bind either two separate parts of the same target ortwo different targets.

In some forms, each target is, independently, a detection target, atherapeutic target, both a detection target and a therapeutic target, ora combination thereof.

In some forms, one or more of the second component, the linkingcomponent, and the first component further comprise an albumin bindingmoiety. In some forms, the albumin binding moiety is 4-methylphenylbutyric acid (4-MPBA) or 4-iodophenyl butyric acid (IPBA).

In some forms, one or more of the second component, the linkingcomponent, and the first component further comprise a reporter moiety.

In some forms, the composition comprises the structure (I):

or a salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, where:

L¹ and L² are each individually a bond or an optionally substitutedlinker moiety, where each linker moiety optionally comprises a linkageto the NEP cleavage site and the first component, a linkage to the firstcomponent, a linkage to a ligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, alinkage to an albumin binding moiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, orcombinations thereof;

G is a triazole, a carbon-carbon double bond or an amide;

M is methionine;

R is H or an optionally substituted linker moiety, wherein each linkermoiety optionally comprises a linkage to the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, a linkage to the first component, a linkage to aligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, a linkage to an albumin bindingmoiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, or combinations thereof;

R¹ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

Y¹ and Y² are each individually 0 or 1; and

SEQ is an amino acid sequence comprising from 2 to 20 amino acidsselected from natural and non-natural amino acids.

In some forms, L¹ is —C(HR²)— wherein R² is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹,—R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or—R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety, and where A¹ and A²independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, L² is —C(HR⁴)—, wherein R⁴ is H, —R⁶-L⁵-A³,—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety, and where A³ and A⁴independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, L¹ is —C(HR²)—, wherein R² is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹,—R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or—R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety, and where A¹ and A²independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof.

In some forms, L² is —C(HR⁴)—, wherein R⁴ is H, —R⁶-L⁵-A³,—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety, and where A³ and A⁴independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, one or more of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, and A⁶ individuallyand independently comprise a combination of one or more of thefollowing: the NEP cleavage site and the first component, the firstcomponent, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albumin bindingmoiety, and a peptide ligand.

In some forms, the composition has one of the following structures (Ia)or (Ib):

where:

R³ is H, -L³-A¹, —C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹, —C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, -L³(-A²)-A¹,or —C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linker moiety and A¹ and A²independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof; and

x and y are each independently an integer from 1 to 8.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, R³ is H, -L³-A¹, —C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹,—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, -L³(-A²)-A¹, or —C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linkermoiety and A¹ and A² independently are the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

In some forms, the composition has one of the following structures:

In some forms, the linker moieties independently comprise ethyleneglycol, triazole, lysine, ethylene diamine, or combinations thereof.

In some forms, SEQ comprises from 2 to 9 amino acids. In some forms, SEQcomprises from 5 to 7 amino acids. In some forms, SEQ comprise naturalamino acids. In some forms, SEQ comprises non-natural amino acids. Insome forms, SEQ comprises natural and non-natural amino acids.

Also disclosed are methods of using the disclosed compounds,compositions, and systems to treat subjects in need thereof. Forexample, disclosed are methods of providing a therapeutic agent to treata tumor, wherein the agent cleaves to deliver the agent and reduce organdamage. Also disclosed are methods of treating a subject having a tumor,the method comprising administering to the subject a composition asdisclosed herein, where the first component is toxic to a cell, to anorgan, or to both, where the separation of the first component from thesecond component reduces toxic effect of the first component to thecell, the organ, a subject containing the cell, the organ, or both, or acombination thereof, compared to the toxic effect of the uncleavedcomposition.

In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effect is at least partiallydue to an increased delivery percentage of the separated first componentto a tumor compared to the delivery percentage of the uncleavedcomposition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effect is atleast partially due to an increased delivery rate of the separated firstcomponent to a tumor compared to the delivery rate of the uncleavedcomposition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effect is atleast partially due to an increased rate of clearance of the separatedfirst component from the subject compared to the rate of clearance ofthe uncleaved composition. In some forms, the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to a second cell, to a second organ, or toboth compared to the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.In some forms, the reduction in the toxic effect is at least partiallydue to an increased delivery percentage of the separated first componentto the cell, to the organ, or to both compared to the deliverypercentage of the uncleaved composition. In some forms, the organ is thekidney, lung or heart.

Additional advantages of the disclosed method and compositions will beset forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will beunderstood from the description, or can be learned by practice of thedisclosed method and compositions. The advantages of the disclosedmethod and compositions will be realized and attained by means of theelements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appendedclaims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing generaldescription and the following detailed description are exemplary andexplanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of thedisclosed method and compositions and together with the description,serve to explain the principles of the disclosed method andcompositions.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of screening for PCC ligands of FOLR1using synthetic epitopes (SynEps).

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example of screening for PCC ligands of FOLR1using synthetic epitopes (SynEps).

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example of screening for PCC ligands of FOLR1using FOLR1 and a folate-Az4-biotin.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of screening for PCC ligands of FOLR1using FOLR1 and a folate-Az4-biotin.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of ELISA assay of FOLR1 binding of heterobiligands.

FIG. 6 is a graph binding of ligands and heterobiligands to FOLR1+ andFOLR1− cells assessed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 7 is a graph binding of ligands and heterobiligands to FOLR1+ andFOLR1− cells assessed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 8 is a graph binding of heterobiligands with different linkers toFOLR1+ and FOLR1− cells assessed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 9 is a graph binding of different concentrations of heterobiligandsto FOLR1+ and FOLR1− cells assessed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an assay for assessing cell internalizationFOLR1 heterobiligands.

FIG. 11 is PET imaging data for an ¹⁸F-labeled heterobiligand detectedin a tumor-bearing mouse over time. T, tumor; L, liver; K, kidney; B,bladder; Int, intestine.

FIG. 12 is the time-course biodistribution analysis to quantify theuptake of an ¹⁸F heterobiligand in a tumor-bearing mouse.

FIG. 13 is a cross trial comparison of three mice showing radiotraceraccumulation in the tumor.

FIG. 14 is a graph binding of heterobiligands with DOTA, MPBA, or bothto FOLR1+ and FOLR1− cells assessed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 15 is PET imaging data for a ⁶⁸Ga-labeled heterobiligand detectedin a mouse over time at early tumor size.

FIG. 16 is PET imaging data for a ⁶⁸Ga-labeled heterobiligand detectedin a mouse over time at larger tumor size.

FIGS. 17A-17F are graphs of ⁶⁸Ga-labeled heterobiligand over time invarious tissues of two mice: mouse 4, with a tumor size of 150 mm³, andmouse 6, with a tumor size of 490 mm3. FIG. 17A is tumor in mouse 4.FIG. 17B is tumor in mouse 6. FIG. 17C is kidney in mouse 4. FIG. 17D iskidney in mouse 6. FIG. 17E is tumor/muscle in mouse 4. FIG. 17F istumor/muscle in mouse 6. FIG. 17G is liver in mouse 4. FIG. 17H is liverin mouse 6. FIG. 17I is heart in mouse 4. FIG. 17J is heart in mouse 6.FIG. 17K is bladder in mouse 4. FIG. 17L is bladder in mouse 6.

FIG. 18 is a graph of the accumulation of heterobiligand in large tumorscompared to smaller tumors.

FIG. 19 is a diagram of the combination of tumor imaging and tumortreatment using the same heterobiligand loaded with an imagingradionuclide or a therapeutic radionuclide, respectively.

FIG. 20 are graphs of tumors over time under treatment with differentradionuclide doses delivered via heterobiligands.

FIG. 21 is a graph binding of ligands and heterobiligands to FOLR1+ andFOLR1− cells assessed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing half-life extension of compositions byalbumin binding.

FIG. 23 are dorsal images of label detected in a mouse over time.

FIG. 24 are transverse slice images of label detected in a mouse overtime.

FIGS. 25A-25E are graphs of labeled compositions in lung (FIG. 25A),kidney (FIG. 25B), heart (FIG. 25C), bladder (FIG. 25D), and liver (FIG.25E) over time.

FIG. 26 is a graph of body weight change over days of treatment withLu177-#6305.

FIG. 27 is a graph of tumor size over days of treatment with Lu177-#6305treatment.

FIG. 28 is a graph of radioactivity (CPM/g) in various tissues 7 daysafter Lu177-#6305 injection.

FIG. 29 is a graph of radioactivity (CPM/g) in various tissues at studyendpoint (Day 28 post-injection) in various tissues.

FIG. 30 is a graph of tumor size on day −2 for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#2809treatment.

FIG. 31 is a graph of tumor size on day 0 for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#1307 treatment.

FIG. 32 is a graph of tumor size on day 0 for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#6305 treatment.

FIGS. 33A-33C are graphs of tumor size over days of treatment for OVCAR3xenografts treated with Lu177-#2809 (FIG. 33A), for OVCAR3 xenograftstreated with Lu177-#1307 (FIG. 33B), and for OVCAR3 xenografts treatedwith Lu177-#6305 (FIG. 33C).

FIG. 34 is a graph of percent body weight change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327.

FIG. 35 is a graph of percent body weight change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327.

FIG. 36A is a graph of percent body weight change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. FIG. 36Bis a graph of tumor size versus time (in days) post-injection ofdifferent radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327.

FIGS. 37A-37D are graphs of tumor size versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 indifferent mice. FIG. 37A used 0 MBq of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. FIG. 37B used 9.25MBq of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. FIG. 37C used 14.8 MBq of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. FIG. 37D used29.6 MBq of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327.

FIG. 38A is a graph of percent body weight change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. FIG. 38Bis a graph of percent tumor size change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327.

FIG. 39 is a graph of percent body weight change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-6305.

FIG. 40 is a graph of percent body weight change versus time (in days)post-injection of different radioactivity doses of ¹⁷⁷Lu-6305.

FIG. 41 is a graph of tumor size versus time (in days) post-injection of0 MBq and 74 MBq of ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327.

FIG. 42 is a diagram of the compound species resulting from incubationof compound #7327 (folate-hshta-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA)) with differentconcentration of NEP and shows that compound #7327 is progressivelycleaved by increasing NEP into a single predominant speciescorresponding to cleavage of the G-F-K peptide linker in compound #7327.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The disclosed method and compositions can be understood more readily byreference to the following detailed description of particularembodiments and the Example included therein and to the Figures andtheir previous and following description.

Disclosed are compounds, compositions, systems, and methods useful fortreating disease (such as cancer and tumors), or binding, detecting, andaffecting compounds, compositions, cells, tissues, and organs, where thecompounds, compositions, systems, and methods include or involve toxiccompounds and where the toxic effect of the compounds, compositions,systems, and methods is reduced by providing a cleavage site tofacilitate separation of the toxic component from other components ofthe compound, composition, or system. Preferably the system is acomposition delivery system comprising or using a composition asdisclosed herein. In some forms, the cleavage of the compositiondelivers a therapeutic agent and avoids organ damage by the composition.

In some forms, the first component is toxic. In some forms, the firstcomponent is toxic to a cell, to an organ, or to both. In some forms,the first component is toxic to the kidney, lung or heart. In someforms, the first component is nephrotoxic.

It has been discovered that that compositions and systems that includeor involve a toxic moiety can be made less toxic by facilitatingdelivery of the composition or the toxic component to its target (suchas a tumor). Cleavage of the toxic component form the composition orsystem results in separation and delivery of the toxic component to itstarget, thus reducing toxicity of the compositions. For example,disclosed are compositions comprising a first component and a secondcomponent, where the first component is toxic, where the first andsecond components are coupled via a linking component, where the linkingcomponent comprises a neprilysin (NEP) cleavage site, where the NEPcleavage site can be cleaved by NEP, where cleavage of NEP cleavage siteseparates the first component from the second component.

Kidneys are the major organ of elimination. Kidney retention ofradiotracers and other nephrotoxins is a source of nephrotoxicity thatcan hinder development of theranostic agents via radiation-mediated DNAdamage and other therapeutic agents that include nephrotoxins. It hasalso been discovered that compositions that include or involve anephrotoxic moiety can be made less nephrotoxic by facilitatingclearance of the nephrotoxic moiety by including a kidney-specificcleavage site that results in separation and clearance by the kidney ofthe nephrotoxic moiety, thus reducing nephrotoxicity of thecompositions. For example, disclosed are compositions comprising a firstcomponent and a second component, where the first component isnephrotoxic, where the first and second components are coupled via alinking component, where the linking component comprises a neprilysin(NEP) cleavage site, where the NEP cleavage site can be cleaved by NEP,where cleavage of NEP cleavage site separates the first component fromthe second component.

A. Definitions

As used herein, the term “mammal” includes humans and both domesticanimals such as laboratory animals and household pets (e.g., cats, dogs,swine, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits), and non-domestic animalssuch as wildlife and the like.

The term “capture agent” as used herein refers to a composition thatcomprises one or more target-binding moieties, or ligands, whichspecifically binds to a target protein via those target-bindingmoieties. Each target-binding moiety exhibits binding affinity for thetarget protein, either individually or in combination with othertarget-binding moieties. In some forms, each target-binding moiety bindsto the target protein via one or more non-covalent interactions,including for example hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and vander Waals interactions. A capture agent can comprise one or more organicmolecules, including for example polypeptides, peptides,polynucleotides, and other non-polymeric molecules. In some aspects, acapture agent is a protein catalyzed capture agent. In some forms,capture agents comprising one or more peptide ligands that specificallybind a target are also referred to as epitope-targeted macrocyclicpeptide ligands against the target.

Reference to “capture agents” further refers to pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includesboth acid and base addition salts.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those saltswhich retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the freebases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and whichare formed with inorganic acids such as, but are not limited to,hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limitedto, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid,ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid,4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid,capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid,citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonicacid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, formic acid,fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid,gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid,2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuricacid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid,maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonicacid, mucic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid,naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid,oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid,propionic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid,4-aminosalicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid,tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroaceticacid, undecylenic acid, and the like.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those saltswhich retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the freeacids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These saltsare prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base tothe free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are notlimited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium,magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like.Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium,and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but arenot limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines,substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines,cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia,isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2dimethylaminoethanol, 2 diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine,arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine,benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine,theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine,piperidine, N ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like.Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine,ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.

The capture agents described herein, or their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, may contain one or more asymmetric centers and maythus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomericforms that can be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)or (S) or, as (D) or (L) for amino acids. The disclosed compositions andmethods are meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as theirracemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (−), (R) and(S), or (D) and (L) isomers can be prepared using chiral synthons orchiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example,chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniquesfor the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiralsynthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of theracemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example,chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the compositionsdescribed herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers ofgeometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended thatthe compositions include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, alltautomeric forms are also intended to be included. (D)-amino acids (alsoreferred to as D-amino acids) are referred to herein in lower caseletters (e.g. D-valine is referred to as “v”), while (L)-amino acids(also referred to herein as L-amino acids) are referred to in upper caseletters (e.g. L-valine or valine is referred to as “V”). Glycine isnon-chiral and is referred to as “G.”

A “stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bondedby the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures,which are not interchangeable. The disclosed compositions and methodscontemplate various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and include“enantiomers,” which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules arenon-superimposable mirror images of one another.

A “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule toanother atom of the same molecule. The disclosed compositions andmethods include tautomers of any said compounds.

The term “epitope” as used herein refers to a distinct molecular surfaceof a protein. Typically, the epitope is a polypeptide and it can act onits own as a finite sequence of 10-40 amino acids.

The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to an amino acid sequence comprising apolymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymersin which one or more amino acid residues is an artificial chemicalmimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as tonaturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurringamino acid polymers.

The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic aminoacids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics thatfunction in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids, andisomers thereof. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded bythe genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified,e.g., hydroxyproline, carboxyglutamate, O-phosphoserine, and isomersthereof. The term “amino acid analogs” refers to compounds that have thesame basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e.,a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group,and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide,methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g.,norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basicchemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. The term “aminoacid mimetics” refers to chemical compounds that have a structure thatis different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, butthat functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.Amino acids can be referred to herein by either their commonly knownthree letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by theIUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.

The term “artificial amino acid” as used herein refers to an amino acidthat is different from the twenty naturally occurring amino acids(alanine, arginine, glycine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine,glutamine, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, histidine, lysine,methionine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan,phenylalanine) in its side chain functionality. The artificial aminoacid can be a close analog of one of the twenty natural amino acids, orit can introduce a completely new functionality and chemistry, as longas the hydrophobicity of the artificial amino acid is either equivalentto or greater than that of the natural amino acid. The artificial aminoacid can either replace an existing amino acid in a protein(substitution), or be an addition to the wild type sequence (insertion).The incorporation of artificial amino acids can be accomplished by knownchemical methods including solid-phase peptide synthesis or nativechemical ligation, or by biological methods.

The terms “specific binding,” “selective binding,” “selectively binds,”or “specifically binds” as used herein refer to capture agent binding toan epitope on a predetermined antigen. Typically, the capture agentbinds with an affinity (K_(D)) of approximately less than 10⁻⁷ M, suchas approximately less than 10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁹ M or 10⁻¹⁰ M or even lower.

The term “K_(D)” as used herein refers to the dissociation equilibriumconstant of a particular capture agent-antigen interaction.

The term “k_(d)” (sec⁻¹) as used herein refers to the dissociation rateconstant of a particular capture agent-antigen interaction. Said valueis also referred to as the k_(off) value.

The term “k_(a)” (M⁻¹×sec⁻¹) as used herein refers to the associationrate constant of a particular capture agent-antigen interaction.

The term “K_(D)” (M) as used herein refers to the dissociationequilibrium constant of a particular capture agent-antigen interaction.

The term “K_(A)” (M⁻¹) as used herein refers to the associationequilibrium constant of a particular capture agent-antigen interactionand is obtained by dividing the k_(a) by the k_(d).

The term “imaging agent” refers to capture agents that have been labeledfor detection. In some forms, imaging agents are isotopically-labelledby having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a differentatomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can beincorporated into the disclosed compositions include isotopes ofhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, andiodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P,³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl, ¹²³I, and ¹²⁵I, respectively. These radiolabeledcompositions could be useful to help determine or measure theeffectiveness of the compositions, by characterizing, for example, thesite or mode of action, or binding affinity to a pharmacologicallyimportant site of action. Certain isotopically-labelled disclosedimaging agents, for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope,are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. Theradioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, areparticularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease ofincorporation and ready means of detection.

Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. ²H, canafford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.

Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and¹³N, can be useful in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies forexamining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled imagingagents can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known tothose skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described inthe Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeledreagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.

The present disclosure is also meant to encompass the in vivo metabolicproducts of the disclosed imaging agents. Such products can result from,for example, the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation,esterification, and the like of the administered composition, primarilydue to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, disclosed are compositionsproduced by a process comprising administering a composition asdisclosed to a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield ametabolic product thereof. Such products are typically identified byadministering a radiolabeled the disclosed compositions in a detectabledose to an animal, such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to human,allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur, and isolating itsconversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.

A “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation of a compositionas disclosed and a medium generally accepted in the art for the deliveryof the biologically active composition to mammals, e.g., humans. Such amedium includes all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents orexcipients therefor.

The term “condition” as used herein refers generally to a disease,event, or a change in health status. A change in health status may beassociated with a particular disease or event, in which case the changemay occur simultaneously with or in advance of the disease or event. Inthose cases where the change in health status occurs in advance of adisease or event, the change in health status may serve as a predictorof the disease or event. For example, a change in health status may bean alteration in the expression level of a particular gene associatedwith a disease or event. Alternatively, a change in health status maynot be associated with a particular disease or event.

The terms “treat,” “treating,” or “treatment” as used herein generallyrefer to preventing a condition or event, slowing the onset or rate ofdevelopment of a condition or delaying the occurrence of an event,reducing the risk of developing a condition or experiencing an event,preventing or delaying the development of symptoms associated with acondition or event, reducing or ending symptoms associated with acondition or event, generating a complete or partial regression of acondition, lessening the severity of a condition or event, or somecombination thereof.

An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” as usedherein refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of timenecessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result. A therapeuticallyeffective amount of a disclosed capture agent can vary according tofactors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of theindividual, and the ability of the capture agent to elicit a desiredresponse in the individual.

The term “stable” as used herein with regard to a capture agent, proteincatalyzed capture agent, or pharmaceutical formulation thereof refers tothe agent or formulation retaining structural and functional integrityfor a sufficient period of time to be utilized in the methods describedherein.

The term “synthetic” as used herein with regard to a protein catalyzedcapture agent refers to the capture agent having been generated bychemical rather than biological means.

Nephrotoxicity is defined as rapid deterioration in the kidney functiondue to toxic effect of medications and chemicals. There are variousforms, and some drugs may affect renal function in more than one way.Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Differentmechanisms lead to nephrotoxicity, including renal tubular toxicity,inflammation, glomerular damage, crystal nephropathy, and thromboticmicroangiopathy. The traditional markers of nephrotoxicity and renaldysfunction are blood urea and serum creatinine. Kidney injurymolecule-1, Cystatin C, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalinsera levels are more sensitive than blood urea and serum creatinine inthe detection of acute kidney injury during nephrotoxicity (Al-Naimi etal., J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 10(3):95-99) (2019). As used herein,“nephrotoxic moiety” refers to a part of a compound or composition thatdisplays nephrotoxicity.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values providedherein refer to the value obtained using the BLAST 2.0 suite of programsusing default parameters (Altschul, et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.25:3389-402).

As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, BLAST searchesassume that proteins can be modeled as random sequences. However, manyreal proteins comprise regions of nonrandom sequences, which can behomopolymeric tracts, short-period repeats, or regions enriched in oneor more amino acids. Such low-complexity regions can be aligned betweenunrelated proteins even though other regions of the protein are entirelydissimilar. A number of low-complexity filter programs can be employedto reduce such low-complexity alignments. For example, the SEG (Wootenand Federhen, (1993) Comput. Chem. 17:149-63) and XNU (Claverie andStates, (1993) Comput. Chem. 17:191-201) low-complexity filters can beemployed alone or in combination.

As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of twonucleic acid or polypeptide sequences includes reference to the residuesin the two sequences, which are the same when aligned for maximumcorrespondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage ofsequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized thatresidue positions which are not identical often differ by conservativeamino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted forother amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., chargeor hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional propertiesof the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions,the percent sequence identity can be adjusted upwards to correct for theconservative nature of the substitution. Sequences, which differ by suchconservative substitutions, are said to have “sequence similarity” or“similarity.” Means for making this adjustment are well known to thoseof skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservativesubstitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, therebyincreasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where anidentical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservativesubstitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution isgiven a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservativesubstitutions is calculated, e.g., according to the algorithm of Meyersand Miller, (1988) Computer Applic. Biol. Sci. 4:11-17, e.g., asimplemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View,Calif., USA).

As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the valuedetermined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over acomparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence inthe comparison window can comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps)as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additionsor deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentageis calculated by determining the number of positions at which theidentical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in bothsequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the numberof matched positions by the total number of positions in the window ofcomparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage ofsequence identity.

The term “substantial identity” or “substantially identical” ofpolynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises asequence that has between 50-100% sequence identity, preferably at least50% sequence identity, preferably at least 60% sequence identity,preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferablyat least 90% and most preferably at least 95%, compared to a referencesequence using one of the alignment programs described using standardparameters. One of skill will recognize that these values can beappropriately adjusted to determine corresponding identity of proteinsencoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codondegeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning and thelike. Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposesnormally means sequence identity of between 55-100%, preferably at least55%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90% andmost preferably at least 95%.

B. Development of Capture Agents

Antibodies are currently the default detection agent for use indiagnostic and therapeutic platforms. However, antibodies possessseveral disadvantages, including high cost, poor stability, and, in manycases, lack of proper characterization and high specificity. The idealreplacement for use in diagnostic assays should be synthetic, stable toa range of thermal and chemical conditions, and display high affinityand specificity for the target of interest.

A high quality monoclonal antibody possesses low-nanomolar affinity andhigh target specificity. Interestingly, structural and genetic analysesof the antigen recognition surface have shown that the majority of themolecular diversity of the variable loops is contained in a singlehighly variable loop (CDR-H3). In humans, this loop ranges in size from1-35 residues (15 on average), can adopt a wide range of structuralconformations, and is responsible for most of the interactions with theantigen. The other five loops are significantly less diverse and adoptonly a handful of conformations. This suggests that a carefully selected“anchor” peptide can dominate the mode and strength of the interactionbetween a capture agent and its target protein. It also suggests thatother peptide components, while providing only modest contributions tothe total interaction energy, can supply important scaffolding featuresand specificity elements.

In situ click chemistry is a technique in which a small moleculeenzymatic inhibitor is separated into two moieties, each of which isthen expanded into a small library—one containing acetylenefunctionalities, and the other containing azide groups. The enzymeitself then assembles the “best fit” inhibitor from these librarycomponents by selectively promoting 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition betweenthe acetylene and azide groups to form a triazole linkage (the “click”reaction). The protein effectively plays the role of an extremelyselective variant of the Cu(I) catalyst that is commonly used for suchcouplings. The enzyme promotes the click reaction only between thoselibrary components that bind to the protein in the right orientation.The resultant inhibitor can exhibit far superior affinitycharacteristics relative to the initial inhibitor that formed the basisof the two libraries.

Sequential in situ click chemistry extends the in situ click chemistryconcept to enable the discovery of multiligand capture agents (U.S.Publication No. 20100009896, incorporated herein by reference). Thisprocess was used previously to produce a triligand capture agent againstthe model protein carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). Sequential in situ clickchemistry has several advantages. First, structural information aboutthe protein target is replaced by the ability to sample a very largechemical space to identify the ligand components of the capture agent.For example, an initial ligand can be identified by screening theprotein against a large (>10⁶ element) one-bead-one-compound (OBOC)peptide library, where the peptides themselves can be comprised ofnatural, non-natural, and/or artificial amino acids. The resultantanchor ligand is then utilized in an in situ click screen, again using alarge OBOC library, to identify a biligand binder. A second advantage isthat the process can be repeated, so that the biligand is used as ananchor to identify a triligand, and so forth. The final capture agentcan then be scaled up using relatively simple and largely automatedchemistries, and it can be developed with a label, such as a biotingroup, as an intrinsic part of its structure. This approach permits theexploration of branched, cyclic, and linear capture agent architectures.While many strategies for protein-directed multiligand assembly havebeen described, most require detailed structural information on thetarget to guide the screening strategy, and most (such as the originalin situ click approach), are optimized for low-diversity small moleculelibraries.

C. Capture Agents

In one aspect, provided herein is a stable, synthetic capture agent thatspecifically binds a target, where the capture agent comprises one ormore “anchor” ligands (also referred to as simply “ligands” herein), alinker, and one or more additional ligands, and wherein the ligandsselectively bind the same target. These are referred to herein ascapture agents. The disclosed compositions are or include captureagents. For example, the second component of the composition can be orcomprise a capture agent.

Ligands are target-binding moieties (also referred to as bindingmolecules, specific binding molecules, target-binding molecules, bindingmoieties, and specific binding moieties).

In some forms, two separate ligands that bind to two different regionsof the same protein (the target) are chemically linked together to forma biligand. By optimizing a linker of the two ligands, the biligandformed by the ligands and linker can exhibit a binding affinity that isfar superior to either of the individual ligands. This enhanced bindingeffect is called binding cooperativity. For an ideal cooperative binder,the thermodynamic binding energies of the individual ligands to thetarget will sum to yield the binding energy of the linked biligand. Thismeans that the binding affinity constant (K_(D)) of the linked biligandwill be the product of the binding affinity of the individual ligands(i.e. K_(D)=K_(D1)×K_(D2), where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the twoligands). In practice, full cooperative binding is rarely, if ever,achieved. Thus, a comparison of the properties of a linked biligandagainst those of a fully cooperative binder provides a measurement ofhow optimally the two ligands were linked.

A capture agent having two ligands can be referred to as a biligandcapture agent, or just as a biligand. Where the two ligands havedifferent character, such as a peptide ligand and a small moleculeligand, the biligand capture agent can be referred to as aheterobiligand, or just as a heterobiligand.

A capture agent having three ligands can be referred to as a triligandcapture agent, or just as a triligand. Where two or three of the ligandshave different character, such as two peptide ligands and one smallmolecule ligand, the triligand capture agent can be referred to as aheterotriligand, or just as a heterotriligand.

If the protein target has a known and well-defined tertiary (folded)structure, then ligands that bind to preferred regions of the proteincan be used and linked together to optimize their binding to theirrespective regions.

In some forms, a ligand comprises one or more polypeptides or peptides.In some forms, a target-binding moiety comprises one or more peptidescomprising D-amino acids, L-amino acids, and/or amino acids substitutedwith functional groups selected from the group consisting of substitutedand unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted azido,substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted and unsubstitutedbiotinyl, substituted and unsubstituted azidoalkyl, substituted andunsubstituted polyethyleneglycolyl, and substituted and unsubstituted1,2,3-triazole. In some forms, the ligand comprises a peptide comprisingD-amino acids and artificial amino acids.

In some forms, the ligands are linked to one another via a covalentlinkage through a linker. In some forms, the ligand and linker arelinked to one another via an amide bond or a1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole linkage as shown below:

1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole linkage

In those forms where the ligands and linker are linked to one anothervia a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole linkage, the1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole linkage can be formed by Cu-CatalyzedAzide/Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC).

In some forms, the ligands and linker are linked to one another by a Tz4linkage having the following structure:

In some forms, the ligands and linker are linked to one another by a Tz5linkage having the following structure:

In those forms wherein one or more of the ligands and linker are linkedto one another via amide bonds, the amide bond can be formed by couplinga carboxylic acid group and an amine group in the presence of a couplingagent (e.g., O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU), N-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole (HOAt), ordiisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in DMF).

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable across arange of reaction conditions and/or storage times. A capture agent thatis “stable” as used herein maintains the ability to specifically bind toa target protein. In some forms, the capture agents provided herein aremore stable than an antibody binding to the same target protein underone or more reaction and/or storage conditions. For example, in someforms the capture agents provided herein are more resistant toproteolytic degradation than an antibody binding to the same targetprotein.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein have a shelf-life ofgreater than six months, meaning that they are stable in storage forgreater than six months. In some forms, the capture agents have ashelf-life of one year or greater, two years or greater, or more thanthree years. In some forms, the capture agents are stored as alyophilized powder. In some forms, the capture agents provided hereinhave a longer shelf-life than an antibody binding to the same targetprotein.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable attemperatures ranging from about −80° to about 120° C. In some forms, thecapture agents are stable within a temperature range of −80° to −40° C.;−40° to −20° C.; −20° to 0° C.; 0° to 20° C.; 20° to 40° C.; 40° to 60°C.; 60° to 80° C.; and/or 80° to 120° C. In some forms, the captureagents provided herein are stable across a wider range of temperaturesthan an antibody binding to the same target protein, and/or remainstable at a specific temperature for a longer time period than anantibody binding to the same target protein.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable at a pHrange from about 3.0 to about 8.0. In some forms, the range is about 4.0to about 7.0. In some forms, the range is about 7.0 to about 8.0.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable in humanserum for more than 12 hours. In some forms, the capture agents arestable in human serum for more than 18 hours, more than 24 hours, morethan 36 hours, or more than 48 hours. In some forms, the capture agentsprovided herein are stable for a longer period of time in human serumthan an antibody binding to the same target protein. In some forms, thecapture agents are stable as a powder for two months at a temperature ofabout 60° C.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein can comprise one ormore detection labels, including for example biotin,copper-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid(copper-DOTA), ⁶⁴Cu DOTA, ⁶⁸Ga DOTA, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁸⁹Zr, ¹²⁴I, ⁸⁶Y,^(94m)Tc, ^(110m)In, ¹¹C, ⁷⁶Br, ¹²³I, ¹³¹I, ⁶⁷Ga, ¹¹¹In and ^(99m)Tc, orother radiolabeled products that can include gamma emitters, protonemitters, positron emitters, tritium, or covered tags detectable byother methods (i.e., gadolinium) among others. In some forms, thedetection label is ¹⁸F. The capture agents can be used as diagnosticagents.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein can be modified toobtain a desired chemical or biological activity. Examples of desiredchemical or biological activities include, without limitation, improvedsolubility, stability, bioavailability, detectability, or reactivity.Examples of specific modifications that can be introduced to a captureagent include, but are not limited to, cyclizing the capture agentthrough formation of a disulfide bond; modifying the capture agent withother functional groups or molecules. Similarly, a capture agent can besynthesized to bind to non-canonical or non-biological epitopes onproteins, thereby increasing their versatility. In some forms, thecapture agent can be modified by modifying the synthesis blocks of thetarget-binding moieties before the coupling reaction.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable across awide range of temperatures, pH values, storage times, storageconditions, and reaction conditions, and in some forms the imagingagents are more stable than a comparable antibody or biologic. In someforms, the capture agents are stable in storage as a lyophilized powder.In some forms, the capture agents are stable in storage at a temperatureof about −80° C. to about 60° C. In some forms, the capture agents arestable at room temperature. In some forms, the capture agents are stablein human serum for at least 24 hours. In some forms, the capture agentsare stable at a pH in the range of about 3 to about 12. In some forms,the capture agents are stable as a powder for two months at atemperature of about 60° C.

As shown in the Example, tuning of heterobiligand capture agents canenhance, for example, binding to the target, in vivo half-life, andcombinations of these. For example, incorporation of unnatural ormodified amino acids can increase binding. Deletion of amino acids in ahit peptide ligand can increase, for example, binding to the target(deletions can also decrease these properties). Related to these,substitution of amino acids can increase, for example, binding to thetarget. Alanine scanning of hit peptides is useful for identify aminoacids that can be modified without reducing binding or other properties.

The length and composition of linkers can be tuned to optimize, forexample, binding to the target, in vivo half-life, and combinations ofthese. For example, in addition to PEG linkers, all carbon (e.g., alkyl)linkers, linkers with mixtures of PEG and alkyl, peptide linkers,linkers with mixtures of PEG and peptides (amino acids), linkers withmixtures of alkyl and peptides (amino acids), and mixtures of PEG,alkyl, and amino acids can be used. In particular, inclusion of an alkylon the end of the linker that couples to a ligand (or inclusion of analkyl tail on the ligand for coupling to the linker) is useful fortuning the heterobiligand.

Methylation of amines in heterobiligands, preferably in the peptideligand, but also in the linker, can increase cell penetration. Additionof a cell penetrating peptide sequence in the heterobiligand canincrease cell penetration. Lipidating groups can be added to theheterobiligand, such as in the peptide ligand or in the linker, toincrease lipophilicity of the heterobiligand. The closure (cyclization)of the peptide ligand can be accomplished using different chemistriesand different groups. For example, triazole linkages can be used.

Combinations of these modifications (tunings) can be used to increase ormodulate these effects.

In some forms, the composition is a cyclic peptide having the followingstructure (I):

or a salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

L¹ and L² are each individually a bond or an optionally substitutedlinker moiety, wherein each linker moiety optionally comprises a linkageto the NEP cleavage site and the first component, a linkage to the firstcomponent, a linkage to a ligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, alinkage to an albumin binding moiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, orcombinations thereof;

G is a triazole, a carbon-carbon double bond or an amide;

M is methionine;

R is H or an optionally substituted linker moiety, wherein each linkermoiety optionally comprises a linkage to the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, a linkage to the first component, a linkage to aligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, a linkage to an albumin bindingmoiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, or combinations thereof;

R¹ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

Y¹ and Y² are each individually 0 or 1; and

SEQ is an amino acid sequence comprising from 2 to 20 amino acidsselected from natural and non-natural amino acids.

In some forms, L¹ is —C(HR²)— wherein R² is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹,—R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or—R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety, and where A¹ and A²independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A¹ and A² independently furthercomprise -L⁴-, wherein -L⁴- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, L² is —C(HR⁴)—, wherein R⁴ is H, —R⁶-L⁵-A³,—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety, and where A³ and A⁴independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A³ and A⁴ independently furthercomprise -L⁶-, wherein -L⁶- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A⁵ and A⁶ independently furthercomprise -L⁸-, wherein -L⁸- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, L¹ is —C(HR²)—, wherein R² is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹,—R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or—R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety, and where A¹ and A²independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof. In some forms, A¹ and A² independently further comprise -L⁴-,wherein -L⁴- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, L² is —C(HR⁴)—, wherein R⁴ is H, —R⁶-L⁵-A³,—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or—R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety, and where A³ and A⁴independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof. In some forms, A³ and A⁴ independently further comprise -L⁶-,wherein -L⁶- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A⁵ and A⁶ independently furthercomprise -L⁸-, wherein -L⁸- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, one or more of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, and A⁶ individuallyand independently comprise a combination of one or more of thefollowing: the NEP cleavage site and the first component, the firstcomponent, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albumin bindingmoiety, and a peptide ligand.

A preferred set of amino acids from which the amino acids of SEQ can beselected (Set 1) contains Cyclopropyl Alanine (CyA) and Gly (hydrophobicside chain—aliphatic); 4-Fluorophenyl Alanine (FP), Methyl Tryptophan(MT), 2-Methoxy Pyridylalanine (MeOPyr), and 4-Phenyl Phenylalanine(PhF) (hydrophobic side chain—aromatic); Asn, Ser, Thr (polar sidechain—neutral); His, Lys, Arg, Glu (polar side chain—charged); andβ-Phenylalanine (BPhA), N-Methyl d-alanine (N-Me-a), and Pro(conformational perturbation).

Another preferred set of amino acids from which the amino acids of SEQcan be selected (Set 2) contains Cyclopropyl Alanine (CyA) and Gly(hydrophobic side chain—aliphatic); 4-Fluorophenyl Alanine (FP), MethylTryptophan (MT), Thiazolyl Alanine (Thz), 4-Phenyl Phenylalanine (PhF),and Phe (hydrophobic side chain—aromatic); Asn, Ser, Thr (polar sidechain—neutral); His, Lys, Arg, Glu (polar side chain—charged); andN-Methyl d-alanine (N-Me-a), and Pro (conformational perturbation).

Another preferred set of amino acids from which the amino acids of SEQcan be selected (Set 3) contains Cyclopropyl Alanine (CyA) and Gly(hydrophobic side chain—aliphatic); 4-Fluorophenyl Alanine (FP), MethylTryptophan (MT), 2-Methoxy Pyridylalanine (MeOPyr), Thiazolyl Alanine(Thz), 4-Phenyl Phenylalanine (PhF), and Phe (hydrophobic sidechain—aromatic); Asn, Ser, Thr (polar side chain—neutral); His, Lys,Arg, Glu (polar side chain—charged); and β-Phenylalanine (BPhA),N-Methyl d-alanine (N-Me-a), and Pro (conformational perturbation).

In some forms, G is a triazole. Such triazoles may be derived byreaction of an alkyne and azide on a precursor acyclic peptide.

In some forms, G is a carbon-carbon double bond. In some forms, thesepeptides are obtained by reactions of two carbon-carbon double bonds(alkenes) present in an acyclic precursor. Such reactions can be carriedout using Grubbs metathesis chemistry, which is well-known to those ofskill in the art.

In some forms of the foregoing, the cyclic peptide has one of thefollowing structures (Ia) or (Ib):

wherein:

R³ is H, -L³-A¹, —C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹, —C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, -L³(-A²)-A¹,or —C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linker moiety and A¹ and A²independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof; and

x and y are each independently an integer from 1 to 8.

In some forms, A¹ and A² independently further comprise -L⁴-, wherein-L⁴- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, R³ is H, -L³-A¹, —C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹,—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, -L³(-A²)-A¹, or —C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linkermoiety and A¹ and A² independently are the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A¹ and A² independently furtherinclude -L⁴-, wherein -L⁴- is a linker moiety.

In some forms of the compositions of structure (Ia) and (Ib), x is 1. Insome forms, x is 2. In some forms, x is 3. In some forms, x is 4. Insome forms, x is 5. In some forms, x is 6. In some forms, x is 7. Insome forms, x is 8.

In some forms of the compositions of structure (Ia) and (Ib), y is 1. Insome forms, y is 2. In some forms, y is 3. In some forms, y is 4. Insome forms, y is 5. In some forms, y is 6. In some forms, y is 7. Insome forms, y is 8.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A⁵ and A⁶ independently furthercomprise -L⁸-, wherein -L⁸- is a linker moiety.

In some forms, R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵,-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵and A⁶ independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof. In some forms, A⁵ and A⁶ independently furtherinclude -L⁸-, wherein -L⁸- is a linker moiety.

In some forms the composition is biligand capture agent, and A¹, A², A³,A⁴, A⁵, and/or A⁶ is a bond to a peptide ligand, for example a linearpeptide ligand or a cyclic peptide ligand. In some forms, the peptideligand further comprises a second peptide ligand, and the composition isthus a triligand capture agent.

The structure of the “linker moieties” (e.g., L³, L⁴, L⁵, L⁶, L⁷, andL⁸) are not particularly limited. For example, in some forms, linkerscomprising ethylene glycol of various lengths (e.g., 1-10 glycolrepeating units, e.g., about 5-7) can be used. Ethylene diamine linkerscan also be employed alone or in combination with other moieties (e.g.,ethylene glycol). Linker moieties comprising triazole (e.g., resultingfrom reaction of an alkyne and azide) are also useful.

In some forms, y¹ and y² are each 0.

In some forms, the cyclic peptide has one of the following structures:

For example, in some forms SEQ comprises from 2 to 9 amino acids. Insome forms, SEQ comprises from 5 to 7 amino acids.

In some forms, SEQ comprise natural amino acids. In some forms, SEQcomprises non-natural amino acids. In some forms, SEQ comprises naturaland non-natural amino acids.

In some forms, the amino acids are selected from D and L stereoisomersof Ala, Gly, Leu, Ile, Val, Phe, Trp, Arg, His, Lys, Asp, Glu, Asn, Gln,Ser, Thr, Tyr and Pro. In some forms, the amino acids are selected fromD and L stereoisomers of Ala, Gly, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp, Arg, His, Lys,Asp, Glu, Asn, Ser, Thr, Tyr and Pro. In some forms, the amino acids areselected from CyA, Gly, FP, MT, MeOPyr, PhF, Asn, Ser, Thr, His, Lys,Arg, Glu, BPhA, N-Me-a, and Pro (Set 1). In some forms, the amino acidsare selected from CyA, Gly, FP, MT, Thz, PhF, Phe, Asn, Ser, Thr, His,Lys, Arg, Glu, N-Me-a, and Pro (Set 2). In some forms, the amino acidsare selected from CyA, Gly, FP, MT, MeOPyr, Thz, PhF, Phe, Asn, Ser,Thr, His, Lys, Arg, Glu, BPhA, N-Me-a, and Pro (Set 3).

The amino acids in SEQ are selected to have affinity for the desiredtarget, including allosteric binding sites such as protein epitopes.

Compositions comprising any of the foregoing compositions and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided. In some forms, alibrary comprising a plurality of the forgoing compositions is provided.

In some forms, the compositions (also referred to herein as captureagents) provided herein have a shelf-life of greater than six months,meaning that they are stable in storage for greater than six months. Insome forms, the capture agents have a shelf-life of one year or greater,two years or greater, or more than three years. In some forms, thecapture agents are stored as a lyophilized powder. In some forms, thecapture agents provided herein have a longer shelf-life than a biologicbinding to the same target protein.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable attemperatures ranging from about −80° C. to about 120° C. In some forms,the capture agents are stable within a temperature range of −80° C. to−40° C.; −40° C. to −20° C.; −20° C. to 0° C.; 0° C. to 20° C.; 20° C.to 40° C.; 40° C. to 60° C.; 60° C. to 80° C.; and/or 80° C. to 120° C.In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable across awider range of temperatures than a biologic binding to the same targetprotein, and/or remain stable at a specific temperature for a longertime period than a biologic binding to the same target protein.

In some forms, the pH of a capture agent provided herein is in the rangeof about 3.0 to about 12.0. In some forms, the pH of the capture agentis in the range of about 5.0 to about 9.0. The pH of a capture agent maybe adjusted to a physiologically compatible range using methods known inthe art. For example, in some forms the pH of the capture agent may beadjusted to the range of about 6.5 to about 8.5.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein are stable in bloodserum for more than 12 hours. In some forms, the capture agents arestable in blood serum for more than 18 hours, more than 24 hours, morethan 36 hours, more than 48 hours, or more than 96 hours. In some forms,the capture agents provided herein are stable for a longer period oftime in blood serum than a biologic binding to the same target protein.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein may comprise one ormore reporter moieties (detection labels), including for example biotin,copper-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraaceticacid(copper-DOTA), desferrioxamine B (DFO), a ligand for radiolabeling with⁶⁸Ga, or other radiolabeled products that may include gamma emitters,proton emitters, positron emitters, tritium, or covered tags detectableby other methods (i.e., gadolinium) among others.

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein comprise one or morereporter moieties. In some forms, the reporter moiety is copper-DOTA. Insome forms, the reporter moiety is selected from ⁶⁴Cu DOTA, ⁶⁸Ga DOTA,¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁸⁹Zr, ¹²⁴I, ⁸⁶Y, ^(94m)Tc, ^(110m)In, ¹¹C and ⁷⁶Br. Insome forms, the reporter moiety is selected from ¹²³I, ¹³¹I, ⁶⁷Ga, ¹¹¹Inand ^(99m)Tc. In some forms, the reporter moiety is a fluorescent label.

In some forms, the composition comprises a linkage to a reporter moiety,the reporter moiety selected from polyethylene glycol (PEG), biotin,thiol and fluorophores. For example, in some forms the fluorophores areselected from FAM, FITC, Cy5, TRITC, TAMRA.

Table 8 provides reporter moieties useful in various differentapplications of the compositions. Other useful reporter moieties can bederived by one of skill in the art.

TABLE 8 Reporter Moieties Application Reporter ELISA: microtiter plateBiotin ELISA: lateral flow test Biotin Immunoprecipitation (and otherBiotin, thiol bead-based assays) Dot blot Biotin Cell-based assayBiotin, fluorophore IHC Biotin, fluorophore In vivo imaging: PETRadioisotopes including ¹⁸F, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁹Zr, ¹²⁴I In vivo imaging:SPECT Radioisotopes including ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁰Y, ^(99m)Tc, ¹⁷⁷Lu In vivoimaging: MR Gd³⁺

In some forms, the capture agents provided herein may be modified toobtain a desired chemical or biological activity. Examples of desiredchemical or biological activities include, without limitation, improvedsolubility, stability, bioavailability, detectability, or reactivity.Examples of specific modifications that may be introduced to a captureagent include, but are not limited to, cyclizing the capture agentthrough formation of a disulfide bond; modifying the capture agent withother functional groups or molecules. Similarly, a capture agent may besynthesized to bind to non-canonical or non-biological epitopes onproteins, thereby increasing their versatility. In some forms, thecapture agent may be modified by modifying the synthesis blocks of thetarget-binding moieties before the coupling reaction.

Provided herein are pharmaceutical formulations comprising one or moreof the capture agents provided herein. In some forms, thesepharmaceutical formulations comprise one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. These carriers,excipients, or diluents may be selected based on the intended use and/orroute of administration of the formulation.

Provided herein are kits comprising one or more of the capture agentsdisclosed herein. In some forms, the kits provided herein may furthercomprise instructions for suitable operational parameters in the form ofa label or a separate insert. For example, the kit may have standardinstructions informing a consumer/kit user how to wash the probe after asample of plasma or other tissue sample is contacted on the probe.

It is understood that any form or instance of the peptides, as set forthabove, and any specific substituent set forth herein for a R, R¹, L¹,L², G, M, Y¹, Y² or SEQ group in the peptides, as set forth above, maybe independently combined with other forms and/or substituents of thepeptides to form embodiments not specifically set forth above. Inaddition, in the event that a list of substituents is listed for anyparticular variable in a particular embodiment and/or claim, it isunderstood that each individual substituent may be deleted from theparticular embodiment and/or claim and that the remaining list ofsubstituents will be considered to be within the scope of the disclosedsubject matter.

For the purposes of administration, the disclosed peptides may beadministered as a raw chemical or may be formulated as pharmaceuticalcompositions. Pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosed subjectmatter can comprise a peptide of structure (I) and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. The peptide of structure (I)is present in the composition in an amount which is effective to treat aparticular disease or condition of interest—that is, and preferably withacceptable toxicity to the patient. Activity of compositions of thepeptides can be determined by one skilled in the art, for example, asdescribed in the Examples. Appropriate concentrations and dosages can bereadily determined by one skilled in the art.

Administration of the disclosed compositions, or their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceuticalcomposition, can be carried out via any of the accepted modes ofadministration of agents for serving similar utilities. The disclosedpharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by combining a compositionas disclosed with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,diluent or excipient, and may be formulated into preparations in solid,semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders,granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants,gels, microspheres, and aerosols. The term parenteral as used hereinincludes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular,intrasternal injection, intratumoral, or infusion techniques. Thedisclosed pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated so as to allowthe active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable uponadministration of the composition to a patient. Compositions that willbe administered to a subject or patient take the form of one or moredosage units. Actual methods of preparing dosage forms are known, orwill be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, seeRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, current edition(Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science). The composition to beadministered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effectiveamount of a disclosed composition, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, for treatment of a disease or condition of interest inaccordance with the description herein.

A pharmaceutical composition as disclosed may be in the form of a solidor liquid. In one aspect, the carrier(s) are particulate, so that thecompositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form. The carrier(s)may be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral syrup,injectable liquid or an aerosol, which is useful in, for example,inhalatory administration.

The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a liquid, forexample, a solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquid may be fordelivery by injection. When intended for injection, one or more of asurfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspendingagent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.

The disclosed liquid pharmaceutical compositions, whether they besolutions, suspensions or other like form, may include one or more ofthe following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection,saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution,isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono ordiglycerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium,polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents;antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben;antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agentssuch as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates,citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such assodium chloride or dextrose. The parenteral preparation can be enclosedin ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass orplastic. Physiological saline is a preferred adjuvant. An injectablepharmaceutical composition is preferably sterile.

A disclosed liquid pharmaceutical composition intended for parenteraladministration should contain an amount of a disclosed composition suchthat a suitable dosage will be obtained.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by methodology wellknown in the pharmaceutical art. For example, a pharmaceuticalcomposition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared bycombining a compound or composition with sterile, distilled water so asto form a solution. A surfactant may be added to facilitate theformation of a homogeneous solution or suspension. Surfactants arecompounds that non-covalently interact with the composition so as tofacilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the composition inthe aqueous delivery system.

The disclosed compositions, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts,are administered in a therapeutically effective amount, which will varydepending upon a variety of factors including the activity of thespecific composition employed; the metabolic stability and length ofaction of the composition; the age, body weight, general health, sex,and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rateof excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particulardisorder or condition; and the subject undergoing therapy.

The disclosed compositions, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivativesthereof, may also be administered simultaneously with, prior to, orafter administration of one or more other therapeutic agents. Suchcombination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceuticaldosage formulation which contains a composition and one or moreadditional active agents, as well as administration of the compositionand each active agent in its own separate pharmaceutical dosageformulation. For example, a composition and the other active agent canbe administered to the patient together in a single dosage compositionor each agent administered in separate dosage formulations. Whereseparate dosage formulations are used, the compositions and one or moreadditional active agents can be administered at essentially the sametime, i.e., concurrently, or at separately staggered times, i.e.,sequentially; combination therapy is understood to include all theseregimens.

It is understood that in the present description, combinations ofsubstituents and/or variables of the depicted formulae are permissibleonly if such contributions result in stable compositions.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in theprocess described herein the functional groups of intermediate compoundsmay need to be protected by suitable protecting groups. Such functionalgroups include hydroxy, amino, mercapto and carboxylic acid. Suitableprotecting groups for hydroxy include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl(for example, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl ortrimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, and the like. Suitableprotecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidino includet-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitable protectinggroups for mercapto include —C(O)—R″ (where R″ is alkyl, aryl orarylalkyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl and the like. Suitable protectinggroups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters.Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standardtechniques, which are known to one skilled in the art and as describedherein. The use of protecting groups is described in detail in Green, T.W. and P. G. M. Wutz, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1999), 3rdEd., Wiley. As one of skill in the art would appreciate, the protectinggroup may also be a polymer resin such as a Wang resin, Rink resin or a2-chlorotrityl-chloride resin.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, although suchprotected derivatives of compounds may not possess pharmacologicalactivity as such, they may be administered to a mammal and thereaftermetabolized in the body to form the intended compounds which arepharmacologically active. Such derivatives may therefore be described as“prodrugs.” All prodrugs of the disclosed compounds and compositions arespecifically contemplated.

Furthermore, all of the disclosed compounds and compositions that existin free base or acid form can be converted to their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organicbase or acid by methods known to one skilled in the art. Salts of thecompounds and compositions can be converted to their free base or acidform by standard techniques.

The disclosed peptides can be prepared by procedures known to those ofskill in the art. For example, the peptides can be prepared usingstandard solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques, and modificationsthereof. Modified amino acids may be employed to incorporate amino acidscomprising alkyne and/or azide moieties and/or alkene moieties usefulfor cyclization. Methods for cyclizing the peptides using azide/alkynechemistry and Grubbs metathesis chemistry are well-known in the art.Such methods are described in more detail in the examples.

It is understood that one skilled in the art may be able to make thesecompounds and compositions by similar methods or by combining othermethods known to one skilled in the art. It is also understood that oneskilled in the art would be able to make, in a similar manner asdescribed below, other peptides not specifically illustrated in theexamples below by using the appropriate starting components andmodifying the parameters of the synthesis as needed. In general,starting components may be obtained from sources such as Sigma Aldrich,Lancaster Synthesis, Inc., Maybridge, Matrix Scientific, TCI, andFluorochem USA, etc. or synthesized according to sources known to thoseskilled in the art (see, for example, Advanced Organic Chemistry:Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th edition (Wiley, December2000)) or prepared as described herein.

D. Identification of Capture Agents

Disclosed are methods for identification of cyclic peptides that areuseful as capture agents for various targets. In general, the methodsemploy cyclic peptides, such as any of the cyclic peptides describedherein, in methods for identification of mono-, bi- and/or tri-ligandcapture agents. Higher order capture agents (tetra, penta, and the like)are also specifically contemplated.

In general, any methods employing the compounds and compositionsdescribed herein are specifically contemplated. For example, disclosedis a method for identifying a target binding compound (e.g., a proteincapture agent) is provided, the method comprising

(a) providing a peptide library comprising a plurality of cyclicpeptides comprising:

-   -   (i) a sequence region comprising amino and carboxy termini and a        variable peptide sequence of two to twenty amino acids selected        from natural and non-natural amino acids; and    -   (ii) a linker region comprising a α-amino carbonyl, α-amido        carbonyl, a methionine amino acid, or combinations thereof, and        optionally comprising an alkyne, an azide, a linkage to a solid        support or a linkage to a reporter moiety or a combination        thereof, the linker region covalently linking the amino and        carboxy termini of the sequence region.

(b) contacting the peptide library with a target or a truncated analoguethereof, the target or truncated analogue thereof comprising a bindingsite and optionally an alkyne, azide or reporter moiety or combinationsthereof;

(c) identifying a peptide library member with affinity for the bindingsite

In some forms, a method for identifying a target binding compound (e.g.,a protein capture agent) is provided, the method comprising:

(a) providing a first peptide library comprising a plurality of firstpeptide library members, the first peptide library members optionallycomprising an alkyne, azide or reporter moiety or combinations thereof;

(b) contacting the first peptide library with a target or a truncatedanalogue thereof, the target or truncated analogue thereof comprising afirst binding site and optionally an alkyne, azide or reporter moiety orcombinations thereof;

(c) identifying a first peptide library member with affinity for thefirst binding site and optionally modifying the first peptide librarymember to include an alkyne or azide moiety;

and optionally:

(d) providing a second peptide library comprising a plurality of secondpeptide library members, the second peptide library members comprisingan azide or alkyne or both;

(e) contacting the second peptide library with a composition comprisingthe target or truncated analogue thereof and the first peptide librarymember of step C;

(f) forming a triazole-linked conjugate between the first peptidelibrary member of step C and a second peptide library member, the secondpeptide library member having affinity for a second binding site on thetarget or truncated analogue thereof,

wherein the first peptide library, the second peptide library, or both,comprise cyclic peptides comprising:

-   -   (i) a sequence region comprising amino and carboxy termini and a        variable peptide sequence of two to twenty amino acids selected        from natural and non-natural amino acids; and    -   (ii) a linker region comprising a α-amino carbonyl, α-amido        carbonyl, a methionine amino acid, or combinations thereof, and        optionally comprising an alkyne, an azide, a linkage to a solid        support or a linkage to a reporter moiety or a combination        thereof, the linker region covalently linking the amino and        carboxy termini of the sequence region.

A preferred set of amino acids from which the amino acids of SEQ can beselected contains Cyclopropyl Alanine (CyA) and Gly (hydrophobic sidechain—aliphatic); 4-Fluorophenyl Alanine (FP), Methyl Tryptophan (MT),2-Methoxy Pyridylalanine (MeOPyr), and 4-Phenyl Phenylalanine (PhF)(hydrophobic side chain—aromatic); Asn, Ser, Thr (polar sidechain—neutral); His, Lys, Arg, Glu (polar side chain—charged); andβ-Phenylalanine (BPhA), N-Methyl d-alanine (N-Me-a), and Pro(conformational perturbation).

Another preferred set of amino acids from which the amino acids of SEQcan be selected (Set 2) contains Cyclopropyl Alanine (CyA) and Gly(hydrophobic side chain—aliphatic); 4-Fluorophenyl Alanine (FP), MethylTryptophan (MT), Thiazolyl Alanine (Thz), 4-Phenyl Phenylalanine (PhF),and Phe (hydrophobic side chain—aromatic); Asn, Ser, Thr (polar sidechain—neutral); His, Lys, Arg, Glu (polar side chain—charged); andN-Methyl d-alanine (N-Me-a), and Pro (conformational perturbation).

Another preferred set of amino acids from which the amino acids of SEQcan be selected (Set 3) contains Cyclopropyl Alanine (CyA) and Gly(hydrophobic side chain—aliphatic); 4-Fluorophenyl Alanine (FP), MethylTryptophan (MT), 2-Methoxy Pyridylalanine (MeOPyr), Thiazolyl Alanine(Thz), 4-Phenyl Phenylalanine (PhF), and Phe (hydrophobic sidechain—aromatic); Asn, Ser, Thr (polar side chain—neutral); His, Lys,Arg, Glu (polar side chain—charged); and β-Phenylalanine (BPhA),N-Methyl d-alanine (N-Me-a), and Pro (conformational perturbation).

E. Methods of Making/Screening Capture Agents

Provided herein in some forms are methods of screening target-bindingmoieties and/or making imaging agents that comprise these target-bindingmoieties. Methods for screening target-binding moieties and/or makingimaging agents that comprise these target-binding moieties can also befound in International Publication Nos. WO 2012/106671, WO 2013/033561,WO 2013/009869 and WO 2014/074907, each of which is incorporated byreference, herein, in their entireties.

For developing a set of PCC binders against a target protein, first oneor more PCCs that bind an epitope on the target protein are identified.Optionally, one or more different PCCs binding to a second epitope areidentified. Additional PCCs that bind to a third, fourth, etc., epitopecan be useful as well. The epitope targeted PCC method teaches that thiscan be accomplished by screening peptide libraries against syntheticepitopes (SynEps). A SynEp is a polypeptide that has the sequence of thenaturally occurring target epitope, except that one position contains anartificial amino acid that presents an azide or acetylene chemicalgroup, called a click handle. The SynEp is further modified to containan assay handle, such as a biotin group, at the N- or C-terminus. Thescreening procedure can be done using any procedure disclosed herein orknown in the art. By screening, one identifies at least one uniquepeptide binder to each of at least two epitopes on the target. Thosepeptide binders are validated via carrying out binding assays againstthe full protein target as well as against the SynEps. For those bindingassays, the SynEps are prepared with the naturally occurring residue inplace of the click handle.

Ideally, the different regions of the target protein to which thedifferent ligands bind will be relatively close together (a fewnanometers or less) in the tertiary protein structure. For even a singleSynEp, a screen can produce PCCs that bind to two different sites.During the SynEp screening steps, PCCs that bind to the N-terminal sideof the epitope or the C-terminal side can both be identified.

Once the epitope targeted PCCs are identified, there are several methodsfor selecting a linker.

In a first method, if the folded structure of the protein is known, andif the PCCs bind to that folded structure, then one can use thatinformation, plus knowledge of which PCCs bind to which epitopes, toestimate an optimal linker length. Analysis of the binding arrangement,together with the structure of the protein from, for example, theProtein Data Bank, permits an estimate of the length of an optimizedlinker. Such an estimate can narrow down the choice of candidate linkersto a very small number. One example might be to use such a lengthestimate to select one or two length-matched polyethylene glycololigomers for testing. The best linker is the one that brings thebiligand affinity closest to that a fully cooperative binder.

In a second method, if the folded structure of the protein is not known,or if the protein simply does not have a well-defined folded structure,then one uses as much information as is available to determine thecomposition of a library of candidate linker molecules. That library isthen screened to identify a best linker.

In a third method, if the folded structure of the protein is not knownor if the protein simply does not have a well-defined folded structure,then, using what knowledge about the protein does exist, simply select alinker to append the two PCCs.

Even if an optimized, fully cooperative binder is not identified in thisway, the linked biligand will almost certainly outperform either of thetwo monoligands because of cooperativity effects.

In some forms, linkers can include polyethylene glycol (PEG), alkane,alkene, triazole, amide, or peptides.

F. In Vitro

For detection of target in solution, a binding or capture agent asdescribed herein can be detectably labeled (with a reporter moiety) toform an imaging agent, then contacted with the solution, and thereafterformation of a complex between the imaging agent and the target can bedetected. As an example, a fluorescently labeled imaging agent can beused for in vitro target detection assays, wherein the imaging agent isadded to a solution to be tested for target under conditions allowingbinding to occur. The complex between the fluorescently labeled imagingagent and the target can be detected and quantified by, for example,measuring the increased fluorescence polarization arising from thecomplex-bound peptide relative to that of the free peptide.

Alternatively, a sandwich-type “ELISA” assay can be used, wherein aimaging agent is immobilized on a solid support such as a plastic tubeor well, then the solution suspected of containing target is contactedwith the immobilized binding moiety, non-binding materials are washedaway, and complexed polypeptide is detected using a suitable detectionreagent for recognizing target.

For detection or purification of soluble target from a solution, imagingagents as disclosed can be immobilized on a solid substrate such as achromatographic support or other matrix material, then the immobilizedbinder can be loaded or contacted with the solution under conditionssuitable for formation of an imaging agent/target complex. Thenon-binding portion of the solution can be removed and the complex canbe detected, for example, using an anti-target antibody, or ananti-binding polypeptide antibody, or the target can be released fromthe binding moiety at appropriate elution conditions.

G. In Vivo Diagnostic Imaging

A particularly preferred use for the disclosed imaging agents is forcreating visually readable images of target or target-expressing cellsin a biological fluid, such as, for example, in human serum. The targetimaging agents disclosed herein can be conjugated to a label appropriatefor diagnostic detection. Preferably, an imaging agent exhibiting muchgreater specificity for target than for other serum proteins isconjugated or linked to a label appropriate for the detectionmethodology to be employed. For example, the imaging agent can beconjugated with or without a linker to a paramagnetic chelate suitablefor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with a radiolabel suitable forx-ray, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon EmissionComputed Tomography (SPECT) or scintigraphic imaging (including achelator for a radioactive metal), with an ultrasound contrast agent(e.g., a stabilized microbubble, a microballoon, a microsphere or whathas been referred to as a gas filled “liposome”) suitable for ultrasounddetection, or with an optical imaging dye.

In some forms, rather than directly labeling an imaging agent with areporter moiety (e.g., a detectable label or radiotherapeuticconstruct), one or more of the disclosed peptides or constructs can beconjugated with for example, avidin, biotin, or an antibody or antibodyfragment that will bind the reporter moiety.

1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The target imaging agents described herein can advantageously beconjugated with a paramagnetic metal chelate in order to form a contrastagent for use in MRI.

Preferred paramagnetic metal ions have atomic numbers 21-29, 42, 44, or57-83. This includes ions of the transition metal or lanthanide serieswhich have one, and more preferably five or more, unpaired electrons anda magnetic moment of at least 1.7 Bohr magneton. Preferred paramagneticmetals include, but are not limited to, chromium (III), manganese (II),manganese (III), iron (II), iron (III), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper(II), praseodymium (III), neodymium (III), samarium (III), gadolinium(III), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III), erbium (III),europium (III) and ytterbium (III), chromium (III), iron (III), andgadolinium (III). The trivalent cation, Gd3+, is particularly preferredfor MRI contrast agents, due to its high relaxivity and low toxicity,with the further advantage that it exists in only one biologicallyaccessible oxidation state, which minimizes undesired metabolysis of themetal by a patient. Another useful metal is Cr3+, which is relativelyinexpensive. Gd(III) chelates have been used for clinical and radiologicMR applications since 1988, and approximately 30% of MRI exams currentlyemploy a gadolinium-based contrast agent.

The paramagnetic metal chelator is a molecule having one or more polargroups that act as a ligand for, and complex with, a paramagnetic metal.Suitable chelators are known in the art and include acids with methylenephosphonic acid groups, methylene carbohydroxamine acid groups,carboxyethylidene groups, or carboxymethylene groups. Examples ofchelators include, but are not limited to, diethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid (DTPA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-tetradecane-1,4,7,10-tetraaceticacid (DOTA), 1-substituted1,4,7,-tricarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-teraazacyclododecane (DO3A),ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA).Additional chelating ligands are ethylene bis-(2-hydroxy-phenylglycine)(EHPG), and derivatives thereof, including 5-CI-EHPG, 5-Br-EHPG,5-Me-EHPG, 5-t-Bu-EHPG, and 5-sec-Bu-EHPG; benzodiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (benzo-DTPA) and derivatives thereof, includingdibenzo-DTPA, phenyl-DTPA, diphenyl-DTPA, benzyl-DTPA, and dibenzylDTPA; bis-2 (hydroxybenzyl)-ethylene-diaminediacetic acid (HBED) andderivatives thereof; the class of macrocyclic compounds which contain atleast 3 carbon atoms, more preferably at least 6, and at least twoheteroatoms (0 and/or N), which macrocyclic compounds can consist of onering, or two or three rings joined together at the hetero ring elements,e.g., benzo-DOTA, dibenzo-DOTA, and benzo-NOTA, where NOTA is1,4,7-triazacyclononane N,N′,N″-triacetic acid, benzo-TETA, benzo-DOTMA,where DOTMA is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,7,10-tetra(methyltetraacetic acid), and benzo-TETMA, where TETMA is1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-(methyl tetraacetic acid);derivatives of 1,3-propylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (PDTA) andtriethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTNA); derivatives of1,5,10-N,N′,N″-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-tricatecholate (LICAM); and1,3,5-N,N′,N″-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)aminomethylbenzene (MECAM). Apreferred chelator is DTPA, and the use of DO3A is particularlypreferred. Examples of representative chelators and chelating groupsthat can be used in the disclosed compositions and methods are describedin WO 98/18496, WO 86/06605, WO 91/03200, WO 95/28179, WO 96/23526, WO97/36619, PCT/US98/01473, PCT/US98/20182, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,899,755,5,474,756, 5,846,519 and 6,143,274, all of which are hereby incorporatedby reference.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the chelator of the MRIcontrast agent is coupled to the target imaging agent. The positioningof the chelate should be selected so as not to interfere with thebinding affinity or specificity of the target imaging agent. The chelatealso can be attached anywhere on the imaging agent.

In general, the target imaging agent can be bound directly or covalentlyto the metal chelator (or other detectable label), or it can be coupledor conjugated to the metal chelator using a linker, which can be,without limitation, amide, urea, acetal, ketal, double ester, carbonyl,carbamate, thiourea, sulfone, thioester, ester, ether, disulfide,lactone, imine, phosphoryl, or phosphodiester linkages; substituted orunsubstituted saturated or unsaturated alkyl chains; linear, branched,or cyclic amino acid chains of a single amino acid or different aminoacids (e.g., extensions of the N- or C-terminus of the target bindingmoiety); derivatized or underivatized polyethylene glycols (PEGs),polyoxyethylene, or polyvinylpyridine chains; substituted orunsubstituted polyamide chains; derivatized or underivatized polyamine,polyester, polyethylenimine, polyacrylate, poly(vinyl alcohol),polyglycerol, or oligosaccharide (e.g., dextran) chains; alternatingblock copolymers; malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic and pimelic acids;caproic acid; simple diamines and diols; any of the other linkersdisclosed herein; or any other simple polymeric linkers known in the art(see, for example, WO 98/18497 and WO 98/18496). Preferably themolecular weight of the linker can be tightly controlled. The molecularweights can range in size from less than 100 to greater than 1000.Preferably the molecular weight of the linker is less than 100. Inaddition, it can be desirable to utilize a linker that is biodegradablein vivo to provide efficient routes of excretion for the disclosedimaging reagents. Depending on their location within the linker, suchbiodegradable functionalities can include ester, double ester, amide,phosphoester, ether, acetal, and ketal functionalities.

In general, known methods can be used to couple the metal chelate andthe target imaging agent using such linkers (WO 95/28967, WO 98/18496,WO 98/18497 and discussion therein). The target binding moiety can belinked through an N- or C-terminus via an amide bond, for example, to ametal coordinating backbone nitrogen of a metal chelate or to an acetatearm of the metal chelate itself. The present disclosure contemplateslinking of the chelate on any position, provided the metal chelateretains the ability to bind the metal tightly in order to minimizetoxicity.

MRI contrast reagents prepared according to the disclosures herein canbe used in the same manner as conventional MRI contrast reagents.Certain MR techniques and pulse sequences can be preferred to enhancethe contrast of the site to the background blood and tissues. Thesetechniques include (but are not limited to), for example, black bloodangiography sequences that seek to make blood dark, such as fast spinecho sequences (Alexander, A. et al., 1998. Magn. Reson. Med., 40:298-310) and flow-spoiled gradient echo sequences (Edelman, R. et al.,1990. Radiology, 177: 45-50). These methods also include flowindependent techniques that enhance the difference in contrast, such asinversion-recovery prepared or saturation-recovery prepared sequencesthat will increase the contrast between target-expressing tissue andbackground tissues. Finally, magnetization transfer preparations alsocan improve contrast with these agents (Goodrich, K. et al., 1996.Invest. Radia, 31: 323-32).

The labeled reagent is administered to the patient in the form of aninjectable composition. The method of administering the MRI contrastagent is preferably parenterally, meaning intravenously,intraarterially, intrathecally, interstitially, or intracavitarilly. Forimaging target-expressing tissues, such as tumors, intravenous orintraarterial administration is preferred. For MRI, it is contemplatedthat the subject will receive a dosage of contrast agent sufficient toenhance the MR signal at the site of target expression by at least 10%.After injection with the target imaging agent containing MRI reagent,the patient is scanned in the MRI machine to determine the location ofany sites of target expression. In therapeutic settings, uponidentification of a site of target expression (e.g., fluid or tissue),an anti-cancer agent (e.g., target heterobiligands coupled to ananti-cancer agent) can be immediately administered, if necessary, andthe patient can be subsequently scanned to visualize viral load.

2. Nuclear Imaging (Radionuclide Imaging) and Radiotherapy

The disclosed target imaging agents can be conjugated with aradionuclide reporter appropriate for scintigraphy, SPECT, or PETimaging and/or with a radionuclide appropriate for radiotherapy.Constructs in which the target imaging agents are conjugated with both achelator for a radionuclide useful for diagnostic imaging and a chelatoruseful for radiotherapy are specifically contemplated.

For use as a PET agent a disclosed imaging agent can be complexed withone of the various positron emitting metal ions, such as ⁵¹Mn, ⁵²Fe,⁶⁰Cu, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ^(94m)Tc, or ¹¹⁰In. The disclosed binding moieties canalso be labeled by halogenation using radionuclides such as ¹⁸F, ¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹²³I, ⁷⁷Br, and ⁷⁶Br. Preferred metal radionuclides forscintigraphy or radiotherapy include ^(99m)Tc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁴⁷Sc,⁵¹Cr, ¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁴¹Ce, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁶⁸Yb ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁴⁰La, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁸Y, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁶⁶Ho,¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²⁰³Pb, ²¹¹Bi,²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ²¹⁴Bi, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹¹⁷mSn, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac,¹⁹⁸Au and ¹⁹⁹Au. The choice of metal will be determined based on thedesired therapeutic or diagnostic application. For example, fordiagnostic purposes the preferred radionuclides include ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga, ^(99m)Tc, and ¹¹¹In. For therapeutic purposes, the preferredradionuclides include ⁶⁴Cu, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹¹In, ¹¹⁷mSn, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm,¹⁶¹T, ¹⁶⁶Tb, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ^(186/188)Re, and ¹⁹⁹Au.^(99m)Tc is useful for diagnostic applications because of its low cost,availability, imaging properties, and high specific activity. Thenuclear and radioactive properties of ^(99m)Tc make this isotope anideal scintigraphic imaging agent. This isotope has a single photonenergy of 140 keV and a radioactive half-life of about 6 hours, and isreadily available from a ⁹⁹Mo-^(99m)Tc generator. ¹⁸F,4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde (¹⁸FB), Al[¹⁸F]-NOTA, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA, and ⁶⁸Ga-NOTAare typical radionuclides for conjugation to target imaging agents fordiagnostic imaging.

The metal radionuclides can be chelated by, for example, linear,macrocyclic, terpyridine, and N₃S, N₂S₂, or N₄ chelants (see also, U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,367,080, 5,364,613, 5,021,556, 5,075,099, 5,886,142), andother chelators known in the art including, but not limited to, HYNIC,DTPA, EDTA, DOTA, DO3A, TETA, NOTA and bisamino bisthiol (BAT) chelators(see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,934). For example, N.sub.4 chelators aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,143,274; 6,093,382; 5,608,110; 5,665,329;5,656,254; and 5,688,487. Certain N.sub.35 chelators are described inPCT/CA94/00395, PCT/CA94/00479, PCT/CA95/00249 and in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,662,885; 5,976,495; and 5,780,006. The chelator also can includederivatives of the chelating ligandmercapto-acetyl-acetyl-glycyl-glycine (MAG3), which contains an N₃S, andN₂S₂ systems such as MAMA (monoamidemonoaminedithiols), DADS (N₂Sdiaminedithiols), CODADS and the like. These ligand systems and avariety of others are described in, for example, Liu, S, and Edwards,D., 1999. Chem. Rev., 99:2235-2268, and references therein.

The chelator also can include complexes containing ligand atoms that arenot donated to the metal in a tetradentate array. These include theboronic acid adducts of technetium and rhenium dioximes, such as aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,653; 5,387,409; and 5,118,797, thedisclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein, in theirentirety.

The chelators can be covalently linked directly to the target imagingagent via a linker, as described previously, and then directly labeledwith the radioactive metal of choice (see, WO 98/52618, U.S. Pat. Nos.5,879,658, and 5,849,261).

Target imaging agents comprising ¹⁸F, 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde (¹⁸FB),Al[¹⁸F]-NOTA, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA, and ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA are of preferred interest fordiagnostic imaging. Complexes of radioactive technetium are also usefulfor diagnostic imaging, and complexes of radioactive rhenium areparticularly useful for radiotherapy. In forming a complex ofradioactive technetium with the disclosed reagents, the technetiumcomplex, preferably a salt of ^(99m)Tc pertechnetate, is reacted withthe reagent in the presence of a reducing agent. Preferred reducingagents are dithionite, stannous and ferrous ions; the most preferredreducing agent is stannous chloride. Means for preparing such complexesare conveniently provided in a kit form comprising a sealed vialcontaining a predetermined quantity of a disclosed reagent to be labeledand a sufficient amount of reducing agent to label the reagent with^(99m)Tc. Alternatively, the complex can be formed by reacting adisclosed peptide conjugated with an appropriate chelator with apre-formed labile complex of technetium and another compound known as atransfer ligand. This process is known as ligand exchange and is wellknown to those skilled in the art. The labile complex can be formedusing such transfer ligands as tartrate, citrate, gluconate or mannitol,for example. Among the ^(99m)Tc pertechnetate salts useful with thedisclosed compositions and methods are included the alkali metal saltssuch as the sodium salt, or ammonium salts or lower alkyl ammoniumsalts.

Preparation of the disclosed complexes where the metal is radioactiverhenium can be accomplished using rhenium starting materials in the +5or +7 oxidation state. Examples of compounds in which rhenium is in theRe(VII) state are NH₄ReO₄ or KReO₄. Re(V) is available as, for example,[ReOCl₄](NBu₄), [ReOCl₄](AsPh₄), ReOCl₃(PPh₃)₂ and as ReO₂(pyridine)⁴⁺,where Ph is phenyl and Bu is n-butyl. Other rhenium reagents capable offorming a rhenium complex also can be used.

Also disclosed are radioactively labeled PET, SPECT, or scintigraphicimaging agents that have a suitable amount of radioactivity. Generally,the unit dose to be administered has a radioactivity of about 0.01 mCito about 100 mCi, preferably 1 mCi to 20 mCi. The solution to beinjected at unit dosage is from about 0.01 mL to about 10 mL. It isgenerally preferred to form radioactive complexes in solutionscontaining radioactivity at concentrations of from about 0.01 mCi to 100mCi per mL.

Typical doses of a radionuclide-labeled target imaging agent can provide10-20 mCi. After injection of the radionuclide-labeled target imagingagents into the patient, a gamma camera calibrated for the gamma rayenergy of the nuclide incorporated in the imaging agent is used to imageareas of uptake of the agent and quantify the amount of radioactivitypresent in the site. Imaging of the site in vivo can take place in amatter of a few minutes. However, imaging can take place, if desired, inhours or even longer, after the radiolabeled peptide is injected into apatient. In most instances, a sufficient amount of the administered dosewill accumulate in the area to be imaged within about 0.1 of an hour topermit the taking of scintiphotos.

Proper dose schedules for the disclosed radiotherapeutic compounds andcompositions are known to those skilled in the art. The compounds andcompositions can be administered using many methods including, but notlimited to, a single or multiple IV or IP injections, using a quantityof radioactivity that is sufficient to cause damage or ablation of thetargeted tissue, but not so much that substantive damage is caused tonon-target (normal tissue). The quantity and dose required is differentfor different constructs, depending on the energy and half-life of theisotope used, the degree of uptake and clearance of the agent from thebody and the mass of the target-expressing tissue. In general, doses canrange from a single dose of about 30-50 mCi to a cumulative dose of upto about 3 Ci.

The disclosed radiotherapeutic compositions can include physiologicallyacceptable buffers, and can require radiation stabilizers to preventradiolytic damage to the compound or compositions prior to injection.Radiation stabilizers are known to those skilled in the art, and caninclude, for example, para-aminobenzoic acid, ascorbic acid, gentisicacid and the like.

Also disclosed are single or multi-vial kits that contain all of thecomponents needed to prepare the disclosed complexes, other than theradionuclide.

A single-vial kit preferably contains a chelating ligand, a source ofstannous salt, or other pharmaceutically acceptable reducing agent, andis appropriately buffered with pharmaceutically acceptable acid or baseto adjust the pH to a value of about 3 to about 9. The quantity and typeof reducing agent used would depend on the nature of the exchangecomplex to be formed. The proper conditions are well known to those thatare skilled in the art. It is preferred that the kit contents be inlyophilized form. Such a single vial kit can optionally contain labileor exchange ligands such as glucoheptonate, gluconate, mannitol, malate,citric or tartaric acid and can also contain reaction modifiers such asdiethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DPTA), ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid (EDTA), or α, β, or γcyclodextrin that serve to improve theradiochemical purity and stability of the final product. The kit alsocan contain stabilizers, bulking agents such as mannitol, that aredesigned to aid in the freeze-drying process, and other additives knownto those skilled in the art.

A multi-vial kit preferably contains the same general components butemploys more than one vial in reconstituting the radiopharmaceutical.For example, one vial can contain all of the ingredients that arerequired to form a labile Tc(V) complex on addition of pertechnetate(e.g., the stannous source or other reducing agent). Pertechnetate isadded to this vial, and after waiting an appropriate period of time, thecontents of this vial are added to a second vial that contains theligand, as well as buffers appropriate to adjust the pH to its optimalvalue. After a reaction time of about 5 to 60 minutes, the disclosedcomplexes are formed. It is advantageous that the contents of both vialsof this multi-vial kit be lyophilized. As above, reaction modifiers,exchange ligands, stabilizers, bulking agents, etc. can be present ineither or both vials.

Also provided herein is a method to incorporate an ¹⁸F radiolabeledprosthetic group onto a target imaging agent. In some forms,4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde (¹⁸FB) is conjugated onto an imaging agentbearing an aminooxy moiety, resulting in oxime formation. In some forms,[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde is conjugated onto an imaging agent bearing anacyl hydrazide moiety, resulting in a hydrazone adduct.4-Fluorobenzaldehyde, can be prepared in ¹⁸F form by displacement of aleaving group, using ¹⁸F ion, by known methods.

¹⁸F-labeled imaging agents can also be prepared from imaging agentspossessing thiosemicarbazide moieties under conditions that promoteformation of a thiosemicarbozone, or by use of a ¹⁸F-labeled aldehydebisulfite addition complex.

The above methods are particularly amenable to the labeling of imagingagents, e.g., the imaging agents described herein, which can be modifiedduring synthesis to contain a nucleophilic hydroxylamine,thiosemicarbazide or hydrazine (or acyl hydrazide) moiety that can beused to react with the labeled aldehyde. The methods can be used for anyimaging agent that can accommodate a suitable nucleophilic moiety.Typically the nucleophilic moiety is appended to the N-terminus of thepeptide, but the skilled artisan will recognize that the nucleophilealso can be linked to an amino acid side chain or to the peptideC-terminus. Methods of synthesizing a radiolabeled peptide sequence areprovided in which 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde is reacted with a peptidesequence comprising either a hydroxylamine, a thiosemicarbazide or ahydrazine (or acyl hydrazide) group, thereby forming the correspondingoximes, thiosemicarbazones or hydrazones, respectively. The4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde typically is generated in situ by theacid-catalyzed decomposition of the addition complex of4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde and sodium bisulfite. The use of the bisulfiteaddition complex enhances the speed of purification since, unlike thealdehyde, the complex can be concentrated to dryness. Formation of thecomplex is also reversible under acidic and basic conditions. Inparticular, when the complex is contacted with a peptide containing ahydroxylamine, a thiosemicarbazide or a hydrazine (or acyl hydrazide)group in acidic medium, the reactive free 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde isconsumed as it is formed in situ, resulting in the corresponding ¹⁸Fradiolabeled peptide sequence.

In the instances when the oxime, thiosemicarbazone or hydrazone linkagespresent in vivo instability, an additional reduction step can beemployed to reduce the double bond connecting the peptide to the ¹⁸Fbearing substrate. The corresponding reduced peptide linkage wouldenhance the stability. One of skill in the art would appreciate thevariety of methods available to carry out such a reduction step.Reductive amination steps as described in Wilson et al., Journal ofLabeled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, XXVIII (10), 1189-1199, 1990can also be used to form a Schiffs base involving a peptide and4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde and directly reducing the Schiff s base usingreducing agents such as sodium cyanoborohydride.

The 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde can be prepared as described in Wilson etal., Journal of Labeled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, XXVIII (10),1189-1199, 1990; Iwata et al., Applied radiation and isotopes, 52,87-92, 2000; Poethko et al., The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 45,892-902, 2004; and Schottelius et al., Clinical Cancer Research, 10,3593-3606, 2004. The Na¹⁸F in water can be added to a mixture ofKryptofix and K₂CO₃. Anhydrous acetonitrile can be added and thesolution is evaporated in a heating block under a stream of argon.Additional portions of acetonitrile can be added and evaporated tocompletely dry the sample. The 4-trimethylammoniumbenzaldehyde triflatecan be dissolved in DMSO and added to the dried F-18. The solution canthen be heated in the heating block. The solution can be cooled briefly,diluted with water and filtered through a Waters®. Oasis HLB LPextraction cartridge. The cartridge can be washed with 9:1water:acetonitrile and water to remove unbound ¹⁸F and unreacted4-trimethylammoniumbenzaldehyde triflate. The 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehydecan then be eluted from the cartridge with methanol in fractions.

H. Therapeutic Applications

Provided herein in some forms are methods of using the capture agentsdisclosed herein to identify, detect, quantify, and/or separate thetarget in a biological sample. In some forms, these methods utilize animmunoassay, with the capture agent replacing an antibody or itsequivalent. In some forms, the immunoassay can be a Western blot,pull-down assay, dot blot, or ELISA.

A biological sample for use in the methods provided herein can beselected from the group consisting of organs, tissue, bodily fluids, andcells. Where the biological sample is a bodily fluid, the fluid can beselected from the group consisting of blood, serum, plasma, urine,sputum, saliva, stool, spinal fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid,skin secretions, respiratory secretions, intestinal secretions,genitourinary tract secretions, tears, and milk. The organs include,e.g., the adrenal glands, bladder, bones, brain, breasts, cervix,esophagus, eyes, gall bladder, genitals, heart, kidneys, largeintestine, liver, lungs, lymph nodes, ovaries, pancreas, pituitarygland, prostate, salivary glands, skeletal muscles, skin, smallintestine, spinal cord, spleen, stomach, thymus gland, trachea, thyroid,testes, ureters, and urethra. Tissues include, e.g., epithelial,connective, nervous, and muscle tissues.

Provided herein in some forms are methods of using the target imagingagents disclosed herein to diagnose and/or classify (e.g., stage) acondition associated with the target expression. In some forms, themethods comprise (a) obtaining a biological sample from a subject; (b)measuring the presence or absence of target in the sample with thetarget imaging agent; (c) comparing the levels of target to apredetermined control range for the target; and (d) diagnosing acondition associated with target expression based on the differencebetween target levels in the biological sample and the predeterminedcontrol.

In some forms, the capture agents disclosed herein are used as a mutantspecific targeted therapeutic. In some forms, the capture agent isadministered alone without delivering DNA, a radiopharmaceutical oranother active agent.

The capture agents described herein also can be used to target geneticmaterial to target expressing cells. The genetic material can includenucleic acids, such as RNA or DNA, of either natural or syntheticorigin, including recombinant RNA and DNA and antisense RNA and DNA.Types of genetic material that can be used include, for example, genescarried on expression vectors such as plasmids, phagemids, cosmids,yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and defective or “helper” viruses,antigene nucleic acids, both single and double stranded RNA and DNA andanalogs thereof, such as phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioateoligodeoxynucleotides. Additionally, the genetic material can becombined, for example, with lipids, proteins or other polymers. Deliveryvehicles for genetic material can include, for example, a virusparticle, a retroviral or other gene therapy vector, a liposome, acomplex of lipids (especially cationic lipids) and genetic material, acomplex of dextran derivatives and genetic material, etc.

In some forms, the disclosed capture agents are utilized in genetherapy. In some forms, genetic material, or one or more deliveryvehicles containing genetic material can be conjugated to one or morecapture agents of this disclosure and administered to a patient.

Therapeutic agents and the capture agents disclosed herein can be linkedor fused in known ways, optionally using the same type of linkersdiscussed elsewhere in this application. Preferred linkers will besubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl chains, amino acid chains,polyethylene glycol chains, and other simple polymeric linkers known inthe art. More preferably, if the therapeutic agent is itself a protein,for which the encoding DNA sequence is known, the therapeutic proteinand target binding polypeptide can be coexpressed from the samesynthetic gene, created using recombinant DNA techniques, as describedabove. The coding sequence for the target binding polypeptide can befused in frame with that of the therapeutic protein, such that thepeptide is expressed at the amino- or carboxy-terminus of thetherapeutic protein, or at a place between the termini, if it isdetermined that such placement would not destroy the required biologicalfunction of either the therapeutic protein or the target bindingpolypeptide. A particular advantage of this general approach is thatconcatamerization of multiple, tandemly arranged capture agents ispossible, thereby increasing the number and concentration of targetbinding sites associated with each therapeutic protein. In this manner,target binding avidity is increased, which would be expected to improvethe efficacy of the recombinant therapeutic fusion protein.

A residue of a monomer unit or moiety refers to the portion of themonomer or moiety that is the resulting product of the monomer unit ormoiety in a particular reaction scheme or subsequent formulation orchemical product, regardless of whether the portion of the monomer ormoiety is actually obtained from the monomer unit or moiety. Thus, anethylene glycol residue in a polyester refers to one or more —OCH₂CH₂O—units in the polyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol was usedto prepare the polyester. Similarly, an amino acid residue in a peptiderefers to one or more —CO—CHR—NH-moieties in the polyester, regardlessof whether the residue is obtained by reacting the amino acid to obtainthe peptide.

As used herein, the term “non-natural amino acid” refers to an organiccompound that has a structure similar to a natural amino acid so that itmimics the structure and reactivity of a natural amino acid. Thenon-natural amino acid as defined herein generally increases or enhancesthe properties of a peptide (e.g., selectivity, stability) when thenon-natural amino acid is either substituted for a natural amino acid orincorporated into a peptide.

As used herein, the term “peptide” refers to a class of compoundscomposed of amino acids chemically bound together. In general, the aminoacids are chemically bound together via amide linkages (CONH); however,the amino acids can be bound together by other chemical bonds known inthe art. For example, the amino acids can be bound by amine linkages.Peptide as used herein includes oligomers of amino acids and small andlarge peptides, including polypeptides.

The term “hit” refers to a test compound that shows desired propertiesin an assay. The term “test compound” refers to a chemical to be testedby one or more screening method(s) as a putative modulator. A testcompound can be any chemical, such as an inorganic chemical, an organicchemical, a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a lipid, or acombination thereof. Usually, various predetermined concentrations oftest compounds are used for screening, such as 0.01 micromolar, 1micromolar and 10 micromolar. Test compound controls can include themeasurement of a signal in the absence of the test compound orcomparison to a compound known to modulate the target.

The terms “high,” “higher,” “increases,” “elevates,” or “elevation”refer to increases above basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control.The terms “low,” “lower,” “reduces,” or “reduction” refer to decreasesbelow basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control.

The term “modulate” as used herein refers to the ability of a compoundor a composition to change an activity in some measurable way ascompared to an appropriate control. As a result of the presence ofcompounds and compositions in the assays, activities can increase ordecrease as compared to controls in the absence of these compounds andcompositions. Preferably, an increase in activity is at least 25%, morepreferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 100% compared to thelevel of activity in the absence of the compound or composition.Similarly, a decrease in activity is preferably at least 25%, morepreferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 100% compared to thelevel of activity in the absence of the compound or composition. Acompound or composition that increases a known activity is an “agonist.”One that decreases, or prevents, a known activity is an “antagonist.”

The term “inhibit” means to reduce or decrease in activity orexpression. This can be a complete inhibition of activity or expression,or a partial inhibition. Inhibition can be compared to a control or to astandard level. Inhibition can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%.

The term “monitoring” as used herein refers to any method in the art bywhich an activity can be measured.

The term “providing” as used herein refers to any means of adding acompound, composition, or molecule to something known in the art.Examples of providing can include the use of pipettes, pipettemen,syringes, needles, tubing, guns, etc. This can be manual or automated.It can include transfection by any mean or any other means of providingnucleic acids to dishes, cells, tissue, cell-free systems and can be invitro or in vivo.

The term “preventing” as used herein refers to administering a compoundor composition prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of a disease orconditions so as to prevent a physical manifestation of aberrationsassociated with the disease or condition.

I. Albumin Binding Moieties

In some forms, the disclosed molecules, compounds and compositions(e.g., heterobiligand, target binding compositions) can include one ormore albumin-binding molecules or moieties. Such albumin-bindingmolecules or moieties can provide for altered pharmacodynamics of amolecule of interest (e.g., the disclosed heterobiligand), such asalteration of tissue uptake, penetration, or diffusion; enhancedefficacy; and increased half-life. For example, the serum half-life of atherapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic molecule of interest can beincreased by linking the molecule of interest to a serum albumin-bindingmoiety and administering the molecule/serum albumin-binding moiety to asubject. The resulting conjugate will associate with circulating serumalbumin and will remain in the serum longer than if the molecule ofinterest were administered in the absence of a serum albumin-bindingmoiety.

Thus, in particular forms, albumin-binding molecules or moieties areused to increase the half-life and overall stability of a therapeutic,prophylactic or diagnostic compound or composition that is administeredto or enters the circulatory system of a subject. In such methods, analbumin-binding moiety is used to link a therapeutic, prophylactic ordiagnostic compound or composition to a serum albumin found in the bloodof an individual who will receive the compound or composition. Thealbumin-binding moiety can be covalently or non-covalently linked,coupled or associated to a selected compound or composition at a sitethat keeps the albumin-binding site of the moiety intact and stillcapable of binding to a serum albumin, without compromising the desireddiagnostic, prophylactic or therapeutic activity of the compound orcomposition. In this way, the albumin-binding moiety serves as a linkermolecule to link the therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic compound orcomposition of interest to a serum albumin circulating in the blood.This is expected to be particularly useful in increasing the circulatinghalf-life and/or overall stability of compounds and compositions thatare normally subject to an undesirably rapid rate of degradation orclearance from circulation. Increasing the half-life or overallstability of a compound or composition in the circulatory system islikely to reduce the number and/or size of doses that must beadministered to an individual to obtain a desired effect.

Exemplary albumin-binding molecules or moieties that can be usedinclude, without limitation, fatty acids and derivatives thereof, smallmolecules, peptides, and proteins. See Zorzi A., et al., MedChemComm.,10(7):1068-1081 (2019), which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety, and which provides a review of albumin-binding ligands andtheir use in extending the circulating half-life of therapeutics.

Albumin acts as the key lipid delivery vehicle for tissues, binding upto seven molecules of long fatty acids simultaneously. Short- tomedium-length fatty acids (6 to 12 carbons) bind albumin with affinitiesbetween 0.5 and 60 μM, while the longest ones (14 to 18 carbons) have10-fold higher affinities (below 50 nM). This ability of serum albuminto bind fatty acids with a high affinity has inspired the use ofpost-translational acylation as a safe and effective platform forprolonging the half-life and the mode of action of peptides and smallproteins. For example, acylation of insulin with saturated fatty acidscontaining 10-16 carbon atoms produces insulin with affinity for albumin(Kurtzhals P., et al., Biochem. J., 312:725-731 (1995); Markussen, J.,et al., Diabetologia, 39:281-288 (1996)). Approved drugs relying onderivatization with albumin-binding fatty acids to prolong half-lifeinclude, LEVEMIR® (insulin detemir), TRESIBA® (insulin degludec),VICTOZA® (liraglutide), and OZEMPIC® (semaglutide). Thus, in some forms,fatty acids (e.g., myristic acid, lauric acid, or palmitic acid) andderivatives thereof, including those used in the aforementioned approveddrugs can be used as albumin-binding molecules or moieties.

In addition to fatty acids, serum albumin can bind numerous smallorganic molecules by exploiting two major structurally dissimilarbinding sites, known as Sudlow sites I and II. Site I, also known as thewarfarin-azapropazone binding site, usually accommodates dicarboxylicacids and/or bulky heterocycles carrying a central negative charge,whereas site II, also known as the benzodiazepine binding site, candiscriminate ligands based on their size and stereoselectivity. Becauseof their ability to non-covalently bind serum albumin, several organicmoieties that are structurally similar to exogenous drugs (e.g.,warfarin, ibuprofen and diazepam) and dye molecules (e.g., Evans blue)have also been used. Non-limiting examples of suitable albumin-bindingsmall organic molecules include, 4-methylphenyl butyric acid (4-MPBA),4-iodophenyl butyric acid (IPBA), naphthalene acyl sulfonamide moieties;diphenylcyclohexanol phosphate ester moieties;9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) moieties and derivatives (e.g., Fmoclinked to a 16-sulfanylhexadecanoic acid through a maleimide group);dicoumarol derivatives with a maleimide group; Evans blue derivativeswith a maleimide group; divalent diflunisal-indomethacin moiety linkedthrough a γGlu-Lys dipeptide coupled to a unit of8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (020c) (also referred to asDiflunisal-γGlu-Lys(±020c)-indomethacin); lithocholic acid coupled to aγGlu linker; 6-(4-(4-iodophenyl)butanamido)hexanoate otherwise namedAlbuTag; A083/B134; A083/B321; A077/B286; and A099/B344. See Zorzi A.,et al., 2019; Table 1 and FIG. 2.

Additionally, an increasing number of peptides have been used asalbumin-binding molecules. In contrast to small chemical moieties,albumin-binding peptides or proteins can easily be fused to any proteinor peptide of interest, either recombinantly or chemically duringsolid-phase synthesis. Thus, in some forms, the albumin-bindingmolecule/moiety can be a peptide or protein.

Suitable albumin-binding peptides or proteins and methods of use thereofare known in the art, including those described in Patent ApplicationPublication Nos. U.S. 2003/0069395, U.S. 2007/0269422, U.S.2007/0202045, U.S. 2015/0037334, WO 1991/001743, WO 2001/045746, WO2011/095545, WO 2012/069654, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,775,912 and 9,920,115,which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety, and inparticular, for their description of compounds, peptides, epitopes,targets, and methods. Peptides that specifically bind to serum albumin,and that thereby can extend the in vivo half-life of other moleculeslinked/coupled to them, include variants of bacterial albumin-bindingdomains (see e.g., WO 2005/097202 and WO 2009/016043), small peptides(e.g., Dennis, M. S., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277(3):35035-43 (2002) andWO 2001/045746), and fragments of immunoglobulins (see e.g., WO2008/043822, WO 2004/003019, WO 2008/043821, WO 2006/040153, WO2006/122787, and WO 2004/041865).

Suitable exemplary albumin-binding peptides/proteins include, withoutlimitation, peptides or proteins containing one or more of the followingamino acid sequences: WWEQDRDWDFDVFGGGTP (referred to as 89D03; SEQ IDNO:21), WWELDRDWDFDVFGGGTP (SEQ ID NO:22), YWWERRDWDFDVFGGGTP (SEQ IDNO:23), EWWWRRDWDFDVFGGGTP (SEQ ID NO:24), LFWWERDWDFDVFGGGTP (SEQ IDNO:25), and KWWEIRDWDFDVFGGGTPAKSDE (SEQ ID NO:26), all of which areknown to bind tightly (K_(D)≤20 nM) to human serum albumin (see WO2011/095545). Additional examples include peptides having the core aminoacid sequence DICLPRWGCLW (SEQ ID NO:27), proteins or peptides includingthis core sequence (e.g., RLIEDICLPRWGCLWEDD (SEQ ID NO:28),MEDICLPRWGCLWGD (SEQ ID NO:29), QRLMEDICLPRWGCLWEDDE (SEQ ID NO:30), andQGLIGDICLPRWGCLWGRSV (SEQ ID NO:31)), and an acylated heptapeptide,named F-tag, which contains a fatty acid (palmitic acid) combined with ashort linear peptide, EYEKEYE (SEQ ID NO:32) (Zorzi A., et al., NatCommun., 8:16092 (2017)).

Additionally, a number of naturally occurring protein domains frombacteria are known to bind albumin. Called albumin-binding domains(ABDs), these domains have a molecular weight of ˜6 kDa, fold into athree-helix bundle domain, and interact with serum albumin primarilyalong one face of the bundle (Makrides S C., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp.Ther., 277:534-542 (1996); Lejon et al., 2004; Cramer J F., et al., FEBSLett., 581:3178-3182 (2007)). One such domain, a fragment of protein Gfrom Streptococcus strain GI48, which binds to human serum albumin withan affinity of 1 nM (G148-GA), has been widely used to extend the serumhalf-life of proteins. Fusion to this domain has been shown to extendthe half-life of soluble complement receptor type 1 (Makrides et al.,1996), a bispecific antibody (Stork R., et al., Protein Eng. Des. Sel.,20:569-576 (2007)), and Affibody scaffold molecules (Orlova A., et al.,J. Nucl. Med., 54; 961-968 (2013); Malm M., et al., Biotechnol. J.,9:1215-1222 (2014)). Thus in some forms, suitable albumin-bindingmolecules or moieties include ABDs and derivatives or variants thereof,non-limiting examples of which include, G148-GA(LAEAKVLANRELDKYGVSDYYKNLINNAKTVEGVKALIDEILAA; SEQ ID NO:33), ALB8-GA(LKNAKEDAIAELKKAGITSDFYFNAINKAKTVEEVNALKNEILKA; SEQ ID NO:34), ABD035(Jonsson A., et al., Protein Eng., Des. Sel., 21(8):515-527 (2008)),ABD094 (Frejd F Y. and Kim K T., Exp. Mol. Med., 49(3):e306 (2017)),ABDCon (LKEAKEKAIEELKKAGITSDYYFDLINKAKTVEGVNALKDEILKA; SEQ ID NO:35),and ABDCon12 (TIDEWLLKEAKEKAIEELKKAGITSDYYFDLINKAKTVEGVNALKDEILKA; SEQID NO:36). Other suitable ABDs and derivatives or variants thereof,including albumin-binding designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins®),S. solfataricus Sso7d derived ABDs, single domain antibodies (dAbs) alsoknown as AlbudAbs, and stable variable domain of the heavy-chain-only(VHH) antibodies (Nanobodies®), are described in Jacobs S A., et al.,Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 28(10):385-393 (2015) and Zorzi A., et al.,MedChemComm., 10(7):1068-1081 (2019).

Other albumin-binding proteins suitable for used in accordance with thedisclosed methods and compositions include anti-albumin antibodies andfragments thereof, such as the humanized anti-human serum albuminantibody, CA645, which binds to albumin across multiple species withsimilar affinity (Protein Data Bank (PDB) accession code: 5FUZ; see alsoAdams R., et al, MAbs, 8(7):1336-1346 (2016)).

The one or more albumin-binding molecules or moieties may be linked,coupled, conjugated, or otherwise associated to a molecule of interestsuch as a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic compound orcomposition covalently or non-covalently. In some forms, more than onealbumin-binding molecules or moieties can be used (e.g., two or more ofthe same or different albumin-binding moieties, optionally arranged intandem and/or separated by linkers). A variety of methods for linkingmolecules together are known in the art. Such linkages includehydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and ionic linkages.Useful covalent linkages include, but are not limited, to peptidelinkages, disulfide linkages, maleimide linkages, ester linkages, andether linkages. For example, an amino group of the side chain of alysine residue present in an albumin-binding moiety may be used tocovalently link the albumin-binding moiety to another peptide/proteinvia condensation to form a peptide bond.

In some forms, a fusion polypeptide containing the albumin-bindingmoiety and peptide/protein of interest may be synthesized directly usingan automated peptide synthesizer or using any of the various standardrecombinant DNA methods known in the art for producing fusion proteins.For example, a nucleic acid encoding peptide-based albumin-bindingmoiety can be operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a peptide orprotein of interest, optionally via a linker domain. The linker domainencompasses any group of molecules that provides a spatial bridgebetween the albumin-binding moiety and the compound or composition ofinterest. The linker domain can be of variable length and makeup. Insome forms, the linker domain preferably allows for the albumin-bindingmoiety and/or the peptide or protein of interest to bind, substantiallyfree of steric and/or conformational restrictions to the respectivetarget molecule.

Depending on the type of linkage and its method of production, apeptide/protein based albumin-binding moiety may be joined via its N- orC-terminus to the N- or C-terminus of a peptide or protein of interest.In some forms, when the albumin-binding molecules or moieties arepeptides or proteins, the peptides or proteins can be linear orcyclized. Cyclization can be achieved by the formation, for example, ofa disulfide bond or a lactam bond between a first and a second residuecapable of forming a disulfide bond, such as cysteine.

Whatever means is used to link the albumin-binding moiety to anothermolecule of interest, the desired final product is preferably a compoundor composition in which there has been no significant loss of thedesired characteristics of each of the component molecules.Particularly, in the case of the albumin-binding moiety component, thereis preferably no significant reduction in the ability to bind serumalbumin. In some preferred forms, linkage of an albumin-binding moietywith another molecule of interest results in enhanced properties, suchas enhanced detectability, increased serum half-life, enhancedsolubility, or enhanced therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnosticefficacy.

The disclosed compositions and methods can be further understood throughthe following numbered paragraphs.

1. A composition comprising a first component and a second component,wherein the first and second components are coupled via a linkingcomponent, wherein the linking component comprises a neprilysin (NEP)cleavage site, wherein the NEP cleavage site can be cleaved by NEP,wherein cleavage of NEP cleavage site separates the first component fromthe second component.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the NEP cleavage sitecomprises Gly-Phe-Lys or Met-Val-Lys.

3. The composition of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the first componentcomprises a therapeutic agent, a detection agent, or a combinationthereof.

4. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the firstcomponent comprises a radioisotope.

5. The composition of paragraph 4, wherein the radioisotope is ¹⁷⁷Lu,²²⁵Ac, ^(99m)Tc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁵¹Cr, ¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁴¹Ce, ¹¹¹In,¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁴⁰La, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁸Y, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²⁰³Pb, ²¹¹Bi, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi ²¹⁴Bi, ¹⁰⁵Rh¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹¹⁷mSn, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁸F, ⁸⁹Zr, ¹²⁴I, ⁸⁶Y,^(94m)Tc, ^(110m)In, ¹¹C, or ⁷⁶Br.

6. The composition of paragraph 4 or 5, wherein the radioisotope is¹⁷⁷Lu or ⁶⁸Ga.

7. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the firstcomponent is toxic to a cell, to an organ, or to both.

8. The composition of paragraph 7, wherein the separation of the firstcomponent from the second component reduces toxic effect of the firstcomponent to the cell, the organ, a subject containing the cell, theorgan, or both, or a combination thereof, compared to the toxic effectof the uncleaved composition.

9. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to a tumor compared to the deliverypercentage of the uncleaved composition.

10. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery rate of theseparated first component to a tumor compared to the delivery rate ofthe uncleaved composition.

11. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased rate of clearance ofthe separated first component from the subject compared to the rate ofclearance of the uncleaved composition.

12. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to a second cell, to a second organ, or toboth compared to the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.

13. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to the cell, to the organ, or to bothcompared to the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.

14. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-13, wherein the secondcomponent comprises a ligand.

15. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the ligand can bind to atarget.

16. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-15, wherein the secondcomponent comprises a biligand.

17. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-16, wherein the secondcomponent comprises a heterobiligand.

18. The composition of paragraph 16 or 17, wherein the biligand and theheterobiligand each comprise two ligands, wherein both of the twoligands of the biligand and heterobiligand can bind either two separateparts of the same target or two different targets.

19. The composition of paragraph 18, wherein each target is,independently, a detection target, a therapeutic target, both adetection target and a therapeutic target, or a combination thereof.

20. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-19, wherein one or moreof the second component, the linking component, and the first componentfurther comprise an albumin binding moiety.

21. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the albuminbinding moiety is 4-methylphenyl butyric acid (4-MPBA) or 4-iodophenylbutyric acid (IPBA).

22. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-21, wherein one or moreof the second component, the linking component, and the first componentfurther comprise a reporter moiety.

23. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-22, wherein thecomposition comprises the structure (I):

or a salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

L¹ and L² are each individually a bond or an optionally substitutedlinker moiety, wherein each linker moiety optionally comprises a linkageto the NEP cleavage site and the first component, a linkage to the firstcomponent, a linkage to a ligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, alinkage to an albumin binding moiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, orcombinations thereof;

G is a triazole, a carbon-carbon double bond or an amide;

M is methionine;

R is H or an optionally substituted linker moiety, wherein each linkermoiety optionally comprises a linkage to the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, a linkage to the first component, a linkage to aligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, a linkage to an albumin bindingmoiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, or combinations thereof;

R¹ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

Y¹ and Y² are each individually 0 or 1; and

SEQ is an amino acid sequence comprising from 2 to 20 amino acidsselected from natural and non-natural amino acids.

24. The composition of paragraph 23, wherein L¹ is —C(HR²)— wherein R²is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹,—R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or —R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵ is absent,—C(═O)—NH—, or —CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety, and where A¹and A² independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

25. The composition of paragraph 23 or 24, wherein L² is —C(HR⁴)—,wherein R⁴ is H, —R⁶-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³,—R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or —R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or —CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety,and where A³ and A⁴ independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

26. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-25, wherein R is H,-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, -L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or—C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵ and A⁶independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

27. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-26, wherein L¹ is—C(HR²)—, wherein R² is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹,—R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or —R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or —CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety,and where A¹ and A² independently are the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

28. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-27, wherein L² is—C(HR⁴)—, wherein R⁴ is H, —R⁶-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³,—R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or —R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or —CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety,and where A³ and A⁴ independently are the NEP cleavage site and thefirst component, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

29. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-28, wherein R is H,-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, -L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or—C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵ and A⁶independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof.

30. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-29, wherein one or moreof A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, and A⁶ individually and independently comprise acombination of one or more of the following: the NEP cleavage site andthe first component, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, areporter moiety, an albumin binding moiety, and a peptide ligand.

31. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-30, wherein thecomposition has one of the following structures (Ia) or (Ib):

wherein:

R³ is H, -L³-A¹, —C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹, —C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, -L³(-A²)-A¹,or —C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linker moiety and A¹ and A²independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof; and x and y are each independently an integer from1 to 8.

32. The composition of paragraph 31, wherein R is H, -L⁷-A⁵,—C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, -L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or—C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵ and A⁶independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.

33. The composition of paragraph 31 or 32, wherein R³ is H, -L³-A¹,—C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹, —C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, -L³(-A²)-A¹, or—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linker moiety and A¹ and A²independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof.

34. The composition of any one of paragraphs 31-33, wherein R is H,-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, -L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or—C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵ and A⁶independently are the NEP cleavage site and the first component, thefirst component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albuminbinding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, or combinationsthereof.

35. The composition of any one of paragraphs 31-34, wherein thecomposition has one of the following structures:

36. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-35, wherein the linkermoieties independently comprise ethylene glycol, triazole, lysine,ethylene diamine, or combinations thereof.

37. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-36, wherein SEQcomprises from 2 to 9 amino acids.

38. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-37, wherein SEQcomprises from 5 to 7 amino acids.

39. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-38, wherein SEQ comprisenatural amino acids.

40. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-38, wherein SEQcomprises non-natural amino acids.

41. The composition of any one of paragraphs 23-38, wherein SEQcomprises natural and non-natural amino acids.

42. A method of treating a subject having a tumor, the method comprisingadministering to the subject a composition according to any one ofparagraphs 1-41, wherein the first component is toxic to a cell, to anorgan, or to both, wherein the separation of the first component fromthe second component reduces toxic effect of the first component to thecell, the organ, a subject containing the cell, the organ, or both, or acombination thereof, compared to the toxic effect of the uncleavedcomposition.

43. The composition of paragraph 42, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to a tumor compared to the deliverypercentage of the uncleaved composition.

44. The composition of paragraph 42, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery rate of theseparated first component to a tumor compared to the delivery rate ofthe uncleaved composition.

45. The composition of paragraph 42, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased rate of clearance ofthe separated first component from the subject compared to the rate ofclearance of the uncleaved composition.

46. The composition of paragraph 42, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to a second cell, to a second organ, or toboth compared to the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.

47. The composition of paragraph 42, wherein the reduction in the toxiceffect is at least partially due to an increased delivery percentage ofthe separated first component to the cell, to the organ, or to bothcompared to the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.

48. The organ of any one of paragraphs 42-47, wherein the organ is thekidney, lung or heart.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Analysis of Heterobiligands Having DifferentCombinations of Components Materials and Methods

Library Synthesis

Screens were performed using a triazole-cyclized OBOC library of theform H₂N-Pra-(Pra-X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅-Az4)-Met-TG, where TG=TentaGel® S NH₂ resin(S 30 902, Rapp Polymere), X₁=one of sixteen D-amino acids (D-Ala,D-Arg, D-Asn, D-Asp, D-Glu, Gly, D-His, D-Leu, D-Lys, D-Phe, D-Pro,D-Ser, D-Thr, D-Trp, D-Tyr, D-Val), Pra=L-propargylglycine, and ()=triazole cyclization via flanking Pra and Az4 (=L-azidolysine)residues. An encoded cyclic peptide library (ECPL) was created where 20%of the peptide on each bead is a linear tag for MALDI-TOF/TOFsequencing, while 80% remains the cyclic peptide for ligand discovery.The OBOC library was synthesized using Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesison a Titan 357 automated peptide synthesizer (AAPPTEC). Whensynthesizing the ECPL, methionine was first coupled to the TentaGelbeads as a cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-selective cleavage handle. Then, Az4and the 5-residue variable region were coupled via the split-and-mixtechnique, respectively. A mixture of 80:20 Pra/Gly (mol/mol) wassubsequently coupled onto the resins. Then, Cu(I) was added to cyclizethe Pra-coupled peptide with the Az4, while the Gly-terminated peptidesremained linear for MALDI-TOF/TOF sequencing. Finally, Pra was coupledonto the N-terminus of the library as a click handle for screening.Global side chain deprotection was achieved by treating the library for2 h with 92.5% TFA, 2.5% H₂O, 2.5% TIS (triisopropylsilane), and 2.5%DODT (3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol). The library resin was thenneutralized with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and washed thoroughlywith NMP (5×), water (5×), methanol (MeOH, 5×), and methylene chloride(DCM, 5×), and then dried under vacuum before equilibrating in thescreening buffer.

Screening a Macrocycle Library Against FOLR1 Epitopes—Library C4

Macrocyclic peptide ligands were identified by screening the libraryagainst a cocktail of three FOLR1 epitopes using the following steps: 1)pre-clear and anti-screens to eliminate non-specific binders, 2) aproduct screen to identify hits resulting from FOLR1 epitope-templatedin situ click chemistry, and 3) target screens against His-tagged FOLR1human recombinant protein to identify peptides that bind to the proteinas well as the epitope.

Epitopes 1, 2, and 3 were selected due to their close proximity to theFOLR1 active site. The short distance between these epitopes and theactive site enabled the attachment of folate ligand to macrocycle hitsto yield heterobiligands.

Pre-clear. Swelled library beads (500 mg) were blocked overnight withBlocking Buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1% (w/v) BSA, and 0.05%(v/v) Tween-20, pH 7.6) at 4° C., then washed with Blocking Buffer threetimes. In 5 mL Blocking Buffer, 1:1000 Atto565-labeledStreptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase and 1:10,000 Atto565-labeled Anti-6×His tag antibody [HIS-1] (Alkaline Phosphatase-conjugated) were added tothe beads and incubated with gentle shaking at room temperature for 1 h.The beads were subsequently washed with Blocking Buffer (3×1 min) andTBST (25 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.6+0.05% Tween-20) (6×3 min).Automated sorting was performed on a Union Biometrica BioSorter based onthe red signal and object size. The brightest, most non-selective beadswere eliminated as background binders (approx. 25% of total). Theremaining clear beads were collected and stripped with 0.1 M glycine pH2.8 buffer for 15 min, washed six times with water, and incubated inTBST overnight.

Anti-screen. Beads remaining from the pre-clear were incubated inBlocking Buffer for 2 h, then subjected to anti-screening against 50 nMHis-tagged CD8α human recombinant protein (10980-H08H, SinoBiological)in Blocking Buffer for 1 h at room temperature. The beads were washedfive times with Blocking Buffer and then incubated with 1:10,000 Anti-6×His tag antibody [HIS-1] (Alkaline Phosphatase-conjugated) (ab49746,Abcam) in Blocking Buffer for 1 h at room temperature. The beads weresubsequently washed with Blocking Buffer (3×1 min), TBST (3×3 min), TBS(3×3 min), then Alkaline Phosphatase buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mMNaCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, pH 9) buffer (3×1 min). Binding was visualized byincubating the beads in the presence of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT) substrate (S3771, Promega).Purple beads indicated background binders and were removed by pipet anddiscarded. The remaining clear beads were collected and stripped with0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 buffer for 15 min, washed ten times with water, andincubated in NMP overnight to decolorize.

Beads were washed with water ten times and TBS three times.Anti-screening was then repeated against 50 nM His-tagged PSMA humanrecombinant protein (15877-H07H, SinoBiological) using the same protocolas above.

Target screen with 50 nM His-tagged FOLR1 protein. Beads remaining fromthe anti-screen were washed with water ten times and TBS three times.Beads were incubated in Blocking Buffer for 2 h, then subjected toscreening against 50 nM His-tagged FOLR1 human recombinant protein(11241-H08H, SinoBiological) in Blocking Buffer for 1 h at roomtemperature. The beads were washed three times with Blocking Buffer andthen incubated with 1:10,000 Anti-6× His tag antibody [HIS-1] (AlkalinePhosphatase-conjugated) (ab49746, Abcam) in Blocking Buffer for 1 h atroom temperature. The beads were subsequently washed with BlockingBuffer (5×3 min), TBST (3×3 min), TBS (3×3 min), then AlkalinePhosphatase buffer (pH 9) buffer (3×1 min). Binding was visualized byincubating the beads in the presence of BCIP/NBT substrate (S3771,Promega). Hundreds of purple hit beads bound to FOLR1 protein wereselected by pipet. Hits were treated with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 bufferfor 15 min to remove bound proteins, washed ten times with water, andincubated in NMP overnight to decolorize.

Product screen with FOLR1 epitopes. Hit beads selected in the targetscreen were washed with water ten times and PBST (0.05% Tween-20 in PBS)three times. They were re-swelled in PBST overnight. Beads were thenincubated with a cocktail of three epitopes—50 μM FOLR1 epitope 1(Biotin-PEG₃-HHKEKP[Az4]PEDKLHE; (SEQ ID NO:3), 50 μM FOLR1 epitope 2(Biotin-PEG₃-GPWIQQVDQ[Az4]WRKERVLN; (SEQ ID NO:4), and 50 μM FOLR1epitope 3 (Biotin-PEG₃-R[S]IQMWFDPA[Az4]GNPNEEVAR; (SEQ ID NO:5)—in PBSTat 25° C. overnight to allow for an in situ click reaction to occur. Thebeads were washed with 3% DMSO in PBST (5×3 min) and Blocking Buffer(3×1 min) and re-blocked with Blocking Buffer for 2 h. A 1:1000 dilutionof Streptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase (V5591, Promega) in 5 mL BlockingBuffer was added for 1 h to detect the presence of FOLR1 epitope clickedto beads. The beads were subsequently washed with Blocking Buffer (5×3min), TBST (3×3 min), TBS (3×3 min), then Alkaline Phosphatase (pH 9)buffer (3×1 min). After this, the beads were developed with BCIP/NBT asoutlined in the target screen. Purple epitope-conjugated hit beads wereselected by pipet. These 63 hits were treated with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8buffer for 15 min to remove attached streptavidin, washed ten times withwater, and incubated in NMP overnight to decolorize.

Target screen with 10 nM His-tagged FOLR1 protein. The 63 hits obtainedfrom the product screen were washed with water ten times and TBS threetimes. They were then transferred to Corning® 8162 Costar® Spin-X®centrifuge tube filters (cellulose acetate membrane) and incubated withBlocking Buffer at 4° C. overnight. Beads were rinsed three times withBlocking Buffer and then incubated with 10 nM His-tagged FOLR1 humanrecombinant protein (11241-H08H, SinoBiological) in Blocking Buffer for1 h at room temperature. The beads were washed three times with BlockingBuffer and then incubated with 1:10,000 Anti-6× His tag antibody [HIS-1](Alkaline Phosphatase-conjugated) (ab49746, Abcam) in Blocking Bufferfor 1 h at room temperature. The beads were subsequently washed withPBST (3×3 min) and PBS (3×3 min) and rinsed once with AlkalinePhosphatase (pH 9) buffer (centrifuging at 7000 rpm for each wash).After this, the beads were developed with BCIP/NBT. Purple hit beadsbound to FOLR1 protein were selected by pipet and saved. Of the 63product hits isolated for the FOLR1 epitopes, 2 beads were purpleindicating strong binding to both FOLR1 epitope and protein. The 2target hits were treated with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 buffer for 15 min toremove bound proteins, washed ten times with water, and incubated in NMPovernight to decolorize. The hits were finally washed with water tentimes to prepare for sequencing analysis.

Heterobiligands Via In Situ Click Screening—Library D1

Folate-PCC heterobiligands were templated by screening the library andbiotinylated azido-folate anchor against FOLR1 protein using thefollowing steps: 1) pre-clear and anti-screen to eliminate non-specificbinders, and 2) in situ click screen with biotinylated azido-folateanchor and FOLR1 protein to identify heterobiligand hits resulting fromprotein-templated in situ click chemistry.

Pre-clear. Swelled library beads (500 mg) were blocked overnight with 2%DMSO in PBST. They were then incubated with 1 μM biotinylatedazido-folate anchor (Folate-PEG₃-Az4-PEG₃-Biotin) in 8 mL of 2% DMSO inPBST at 25° C. overnight. The library/anchor complex was washed with 2%DMSO in PBST (2×1 min), PBST (3×1 min), and 1% BSA in PBST (3×1 min),then blocked overnight with 1% BSA in PBST at 25° C. Binding wasdetected by incubating the beads in 1% BSA in PBST with 1:1000Atto565-labeled Streptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase and 1:10,000Atto565-labeled Anti-6× His tag antibody [HIS-1] (AlkalinePhosphatase-conjugated) with gentle shaking for 1 h. The beads weresubsequently washed with 1% BSA in PBST (3×1 min) and PBST (6×3 min).Automated sorting was then performed on a Union Biometrica BioSorterbased on the red signal and object size. The brightest, mostnon-selective beads were eliminated as background binders. The remainingclear beads were collected and stripped with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 buffer(3×5 min), washed five times with water, and incubated in NMP for 1 h todecolorize.

Anti-screen. Beads remaining from the pre-clear were washed with waterten times and 1% BSA in PBST (3×3 min). Beads were incubated with 1% BSAin PBST at 4° C. overnight, then subjected to anti-screening against 50nM His-tagged PSMA human recombinant protein (15877-H07H,SinoBiological) in 1% BSA in PBST for 1 h at room temperature. The beadswere washed with 1% BSA in PBST (5×3 min) and then incubated with1:10,000 Anti-6× His tag antibody [HIS-1] (AlkalinePhosphatase-conjugated) (ab49746, Abcam) and 1:1000Streptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase (V5591, Promega) in 1% BSA in PBST for1 h at room temperature. The beads were subsequently washed with 1% BSAin PBST (3×5 min), PBST (3×3 min), PBS (3×3 min), then AlkalinePhosphatase buffer (pH 9) buffer (3×1 min). Binding was visualized byincubating the beads in the presence of BCIP/NBT substrate (S3771,Promega). Purple beads indicated background binders and were removed bypipet and discarded. The remaining clear beads were collected andstripped with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 buffer (3×5 min), washed ten timeswith water, incubated in NMP for 1 h to decolorize, and washed ten timeswith water.

In situ click screen with biotinylated azido-folate anchor and FOLR1protein. Library beads were treated with biotinylated azido-folateanchor and FOLR1 protein under conditions promoting protein-templated insitu click chemistry between ligands. Here, the clear beads from theanti-screen were first blocked with 2% DMSO in PBST. Biotinylatedazido-folate anchor (100 nM) and 1 nM FOLR1 human recombinant protein(11241-H08H, SinoBiological) were mixed in 10 mL of 2% DMSO in PBSTovernight at 4° C. in a conical tube. The PBST was then drained from thebeads and the 10 mL of anchor/FOLR1 solution was added to the beads andincubated for 4 h at 25° C. under rotation. The library/anchor/proteincomplex was washed with PBST (5×1 min) and 1% BSA in PBST (3×1 min),then blocked with 1% BSA in PBST for 30 min at 25° C. A 1:1000 dilutionof Streptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase (V5591, Promega) in 1% BSA in PBST(10 mL) was added for 1 h to detect the presence of biotinylatedazido-folate anchor clicked to beads. The beads were subsequently washedwith 1% BSA in PBST (3×5 min), PBST (3×3 min), PBS (3×3 min), thenAlkaline Phosphatase (pH 9) buffer (3×). After this, the beads weredeveloped with BCIP/NBT as outlined above. Purple heterobiligand-linkedhit beads were selected by pipet. These 9 hits were treated with 0.1 Mglycine pH 2.8 buffer (3×5 min) to remove attached streptavidin, washedten times with water, incubated in NMP for 1 h to decolorize, and washedten times with water to prepare for sequencing analysis.

Heterobiligands Via In Situ Click Screening—Library D2

Screens for additional heterobiligands were completed following theabove protocol, except that:

-   -   Biotinylated azido-folate anchor (500 nM) and 5 nM FOLR1 human        recombinant protein (11241-H08H, SinoBiological) were used.    -   The library/anchor/protein complex was washed with PBST (5×1        min), 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 buffer (2×5 min), PBST (5×1 min), and        1% BSA in PBST (3×1 min), then blocked with 1% BSA in PBST        before detection with Streptavidin-Alkaline Phosphatase.

Purple heterobiligand-linked hit beads were selected by pipet. These 4hits were treated with 0.1 M glycine pH 2.8 buffer (3×5 min) to removeattached streptavidin, washed ten times with water, incubated in NMP for1 h to decolorize, and washed ten times with water to prepare forsequencing analysis.

Sequencing Cyclic Peptide Hits by MALDI-TOF/TOF

Peptides on hit beads were selectively cleaved from the resin using CNBrand sequenced by MALDI-MS/MS.

Cleavage of hit peptides from single beads with CNBr. Each hit bead wastransferred in pure water (10 μL) to a single well of a 96-wellconical-bottom polypropylene microplate. After addition of CNBr (10 μL,0.50 M in 0.2 N HCl solution) to each well, the plate was purged withargon and then placed under microwave for 1 min. Acidic aq. CNBr resultsin methionine-specific cleavage at the C-terminus, resulting in cleavageof the cyclic and linear peptides from the beads. The resulting solutionwas concentrated under centrifugal vacuum for 2 hours at 45° C.

Sequencing of peptides cleaved from single beads by MALDI-MS and MS/MS.To each sample was added α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) (0.5 μL,5 mg/mL matrix solution in acetonitrile/water (70:30) containing 0.1%TFA (v/v)). The mixture was taken up to be spotted onto a 384-well MALDIplate, which was allowed to stand for 15 min to dry naturally. Sampleswere then analyzed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization(MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) using a BrukerultrafleXtreme™ TOF/TOF instrument (Bruker Daltonics; Bremen, Germany)operated in reflectron mode. MS/MS spectra were acquired for each linearpeptide in LIFT™ mode. BioTools™ was used to assign the sequence basedon analysis of the MS/MS spectra.

Peptide Synthesis

The peptides were synthesized using standard SPPS Fmoc chemistry. CTCresin was loaded with Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH. Each subsequent amino acidcoupling was achieved using the amino acid (3.0 equiv), HBTU couplingreagent (2.85 equiv.), DIPEA (6.0 equiv.) in DMF. DOTA was installed bydeprotecting the Dde protecting group (2% hydrazine in DMF) followed bycoupling DOTA(3×tBu). The peptide was cleaved from the resin andprecipitated using cold isopropyl ether. The crude peptides werepurified by preparative-HPLC.

Fluorine-18 Radiochemistry

Heterobiligands were synthesized as aminooxy conjugates using Fmocsolid-phase peptide synthesis. The aminooxy linker was appended on theside chain of the C-terminal lysine. After acidic resin cleavage anddeprotection of the side chains, heterobiligands were purified by C18HPLC. Purity and mass were confirmed before entering into the labelingreaction.

Fluorine-18 labeling of heterobiligands. 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde([¹⁸F]FBA) in methanol (MeOH) was obtained from the UCLA Crump Institutefor Molecular Imaging. The ¹⁸F-fluorobenzaldehyde oxime was prepared byreacting the aminooxy-conjugated heterobiligand (5 mM in 50% MeOH and50% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with phosphoric acid pH 3)with [¹⁸F]FBA for 7 min at room temperature (reaction volume=70 μL). The[¹⁸F]FBA-labeled heterobiligand was purified from the reaction mixtureby C₁₈ HPLC and then co-injected with reference standard to confirm itsidentity. The solvent was evaporated from the purified fraction, and thedried product was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior tomouse injection.

Gallium-68 and Lutetium-177 Radiochemistry

Heterobiligands were synthesized as DOTA conjugates using Fmocsolid-phase peptide synthesis. The DOTA chelator was appended on theside chain of the C-terminal lysine. After acidic resin cleavage anddeprotection of the side chains, heterobiligands were purified by C₁₈HPLC. Purity and mass were confirmed before entering into the labelingreaction.

Gallium-68 labeling of heterobiligands. ⁶⁸GaCl₃ was obtained from theUCLA Biomedical Cyclotron Facility. The DOTA-conjugated heterobiligandand ⁶⁸GaCl₃ (1:1) were reacted for 5 min at 90° C. in buffer comprisedof 1.5 mL NaCl and 0.5 mL of 0.1 M NaOAc pH 4. The efficiency was >95%according to HPLC, and the product was diluted with PBS prior to mouseinjection.

Lutetium-177 labeling of heterobiligands. ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ in 0.05 M HCl wasobtained from the Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR). Aspecific activity of 0.2 mCi of ¹⁷⁷Lu was added per nmol of DOTAconjugated heterobiligand. The solution was warmed to 95° C. for 15minutes in 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5). Conversion was 100%according to both radioTLC and HPLC, and purity was confirmed to be 100%on HPLC. The undiluted product in 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5)was used directly or formulated in buffered saline.

Mice—Tumor Imaging and Therapeutic Studies

Female, 7-week-old NSG mice were housed under pathogen-free conditions.Water and food were provided ad libitum. To create mice with FOLR1+ovarian xenograft tumors, mice were injected subcutaneously with OVCAR3cells (1×10⁷ cells per mouse) resuspended in 50% Matrigel in PBS intothe shoulder region. Tumor growth was monitored by caliper measurements.OVCAR3 is a human ovarian adenocarcinoma known to over-express FOLR1.

In Vivo ⁸F PET/CT Imaging

¹⁸F positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was used to study in vivobiodistribution of heterobiligands in OVCAR3 tumor bearing mice. 40-60μCi of [¹⁸F]FBA-labeled heterobiligand was administered intravenously(i.v.) via the tail vein of each mouse. Dynamic PET imaging wasperformed from 0-1 h, followed by acquisition of static PET images at 2h and 4 h post-injection. CT scans were acquired for anatomicalreference. Imaging was performed on a GENISYS⁸ microPET/CT small animalscanner. The PET signal was quantitated by three-dimensional region ofinterest (ROI) analysis and represented as percent injected dose (% ID)vs. time (min) for major organs including tumor, liver, heart, lung,bladder, and kidney.

In Vivo ⁶⁸Ga PET/CT Imaging

⁶⁸Ga PET imaging was used to study in vivo biodistribution ofheterobiligands in non-tumor bearing (healthy) mice and OVCAR3 tumorbearing mice. 100-200 μCi of [⁶⁸Ga]DOTA-labeled heterobiligand wasadministered intravenously (i.v.) via the tail vein of each mouse.Dynamic PET imaging was performed from 0-1 h, followed by acquisition ofstatic PET images at 2 h and 4 h post-injection. CT scans were acquiredfor anatomical reference. Imaging was performed on an Inveon microPET/CTsmall animal scanner. The PET signal was quantitated bythree-dimensional ROI analysis and represented as percent injected dose(% ID) vs. time (min) for major organs including tumor, liver, heart,lung, bladder, and kidney.

⁷⁷Lu FOLR1 Therapy

OVCAR3 tumor bearing mice were used to study FOLR1-directed radioligandtherapy (RLT) for treatment of ovarian cancer. Animals were administereda single dose of heterobiligand (vehicle control) or 111, 37, 18.5,9.25, or 3.7 MBq [¹⁷⁷Lu]DOTA-labeled heterobiligand. Mice received thedose intravenously (i.v.) via the tail vein. To monitor the effect ofthe RLT, tumor size measurements were taken twice weekly and bodyweights were measured.

At endpoint, mice were sacrificed and plasma and tissues (tumor, kidney,liver, lung, muscle) were collected. Plasma samples were assayed forurea and creatinine biomarkers indicative of nephrotoxicity. Tissuesamples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, transferred to 70% ethanol,and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry.

Plasma Stability

Plasma was thawed in a 37° C. water bath. Residual clots were removedvia centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes. The pH of the plasma wasadjusted to 7.4 if required. Test articles were diluted to 100 μM bydiluting a 1 mM working solution (in DMSO) with 45% methanol in water.To 98 μL of plasma was added 2 μL of the 100 μM solution, resulting in 2μM final concentration of the test article. Samples were incubated at37° C. in a water bath. At the indicated time points (0, 10, 30, 60, 120minutes) 100 μL of 4% H₃PO₄ was added followed by 800 μL of stopsolution (200 ng/mL tolbutamide and 200 ng/mL labetalol in 100%acetonitrile). The samples were centrifuged and the plasma protein-freesupernatant (100 μL) was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis.

Plasma Protein Binding

HTD 96 a/b regenerated cellulose membrane strips with mass cutoff of12-14 kDa were soaked in ultra-pure water at room temperature for 1hour. Each swelled membrane was then soaked in 20:80 ethanol:water for20 minutes.

Just prior to the experiment, the membranes were re-soaked in ultra-purewater. Plasma was prepared by thawing under cold water. The plasma wascentrifuged to remove any clots and pH was adjusted to 7.0-8.0. Testarticles and control compounds were diluted to 2 μM. The dialysis devicewas loaded by transferring 150 μL of the test article (in triplicate) tothe donor side. The dialysis device was placed in a humidified incubatorat 37° C. with 5% CO₂ in a shaking platform that rotated slowly for 4hours. After incubation, 50 μL of the supernatant was taken from bothsides and analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

Results

Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is a cell membrane protein with significantoverexpression in carcinomas (most notably ovarian and breast cancers).FOLR1 is responsible for trafficking folic acid into cells viareceptor-mediated endocytosis. The protein is anchored to the cell via aglycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) attached to the C terminus of FOLR1.FOLR1 is overexpressed in approximately 80% of ovarian cancers. Otherorgans have very low FOLR1 expression with the exception of the kidneyto facilitate folate resorption. Prior FOLR1 therapeutic strategies haverelied on a modified folate conjugated to a standard-of-carechemotherapeutic. Efficacy was no better that standard-of-carechemotherapeutic arm. The example heterobiligands—folate linked to areceptor-specific ligand—can use a theranostic platform to image andtreat cancer using radioisotopes. Some example heterobiligands displaycooperative binding that yields very high EC50s compared to nativefolate. The heterobiligands can be modified based on medicinal chemistryprinciples to diminish off target binding and alter pharmacokinetics forspecific applications, such as imaging or therapy. ¹⁷⁷Lu providespredictable tumor killing while limiting bystander injury.

The extracellular domain of FOLR1 is 234 amino acids (M1-S234) and isglycosylated at N69, N161, and N201. S234 is coupled toglycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). The FOLR1 monomer coordinates (PDB:4LRH) were minimized and equilibrated using periodic boundary conditionsemploying Particle Mesh Ewald electrostatics. The monomer was solvatedin a water box with at least 10 water molecules separating the proteinand unit cell wall. The system was warmed to 310° K, minimized for 1000steps, and equilibrated for 1000 ps. The minimized monomer has a solventaccessible surface of 11,279.917 Å².

Pocket analysis was undertaken to identify cavities present on the FOLR1surface. The modeling software fPocket was used to calculate the volumesof putative pockets. Pockets large enough to accommodate proteincatalyzed capture agents (PCCs) are located adjacent to the active site(itself a large rigid cavity). This information informed the epitopedesign and click handle placement.

Epitope 1 is H20-H33 of FOLR1 (HHKEKPGPEDKLHE; SEQ ID NO:3). Epitope 1is composed of a largely unstructured loop near the N terminus of theprotein. This epitope has high solvent exposure (1141.512 Å²) and a lownet charge (−1). The RMSD of the side chains and backbone (averageequilibrated backbone RMSD 0.794 (0.175); average equilibrated totalRMSD 1.450 (0.272)) suggests that this portion of the protein isflexible. Glycine-26 was selected as the Az4 substitution. The epitope 1molecule used for catalyzed selection with G26 substituted with Az4 isbiotin-PEG3-HHKEKP[G→Az4]PEDKLHE (SEQ ID NO:3). The structure is shownbelow.

Epitope 2 is G92-N109 of FOLR1 (GPWIQQVDQSWRKERVLN; SEQ ID NO:4).Epitope 2 is an epitope that is located adjacent to the active site. Itwas realized that the ability to attach folic acid itself to any ligandidentified from this screen would further increase potency andselectivity of the final heterobiligand. While many constituent aminoacids are charged, the overall epitope has only a +1 net charge. TheRMSD of this epitope (average equilibrated backbone RMSD 0.576 (0.103);average equilibrated total RMSD 0.882 (0.150)) suggests that this regionis flexible. Epitope 2 has a solvent accessible surface of 976.372 Å².Serine-101 was selected as the Az4 substitution. The epitope 2 moleculeused for catalyzed selection with S101 substituted with Az4 isbiotin-PEG3-GPWIQQVDQ[S→Az₄]WRKERVLN (SEQ ID NO:4). The structure isshown below.

Epitope 3 is R186-R205 of FOLR1 (RCIQMWFDPAQGNPNEEVAR; SEQ ID NO:5).Epitope 3 is a contiguous sequence near the C terminus of the protein.The epitope is made up of an alpha helix connected to an unstructuredloop. Epitope 3 has a solvent accessible surface of 1029.471 Å² and anet charge of −1. The average equilibrated backbone RMSD is 1.085(0.205) and the average equilibrated total RMSD is 1.548 (0.207).Glutamine-196 was selected for Az4 substitution. The epitope 3 moleculeused for catalyzed selection with Q196 substituted with Az4 isbiotin-PEG3-R[C→S]IQMWFDPA[Q→Az₄]GNPNEEVAR (SEQ ID NO:5). The structureis shown below.

FOLR1 is small enough to allow heterobiligand preparation regardless ofwhich epitope is targeted. Screens were performed using atriazole-cyclized OBOC library of the formH₂N-Pra-(Pra-X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅-Az4)-Met-TG, where TG=TentaGel® S NH₂ resin (S30 902, Rapp Polymere), X₁=one of sixteen D-amino acids,Pra=L-propargylglycine, and ( )=triazole cyclization via flanking Praand Az4 (=L-azidolysine) residues. An encoded cyclic peptide library(ECPL) was created where 20% of the peptide on each bead is a linear tagfor MALDI-TOF/TOF sequencing, while 80% remains the cyclic peptide forligand discovery.

Macrocyclic peptide ligands were identified by screening the libraryagainst a cocktail of three FOLR1 epitopes (FIG. 1) using the followingsteps: (1) pre-clear and anti-screens to eliminate non-specific binders,(2) a product screen to identify hits resulting from FOLR1epitope-templated in situ click chemistry, and (3) target screensagainst His-tagged FOLR1 human recombinant protein to identify peptidesthat bind to the protein as well as the epitope (FIG. 2). Two hits wereisolated with strong binding to both FOLR1 epitope and protein: hshta(SEQ ID NO:6) and slyyk (SEQ ID NO:7).

Heterobiligands were also developed via in situ click screening (FIG.3). FOLR1 is a GPI-anchored cell surface protein that binds to folateligand with high affinity (K_(D)≈1 nM). The FOLR1 protein provides atemplate for selectively promoting the azide-alkyne cycloadditionbetween folate ligand and library peptide. Folate-PCC heterobiligandswere templated by screening the library and biotinylated azido-folateanchor against FOLR1 protein using the following steps: (1) pre-clearand anti-screen to eliminate non-specific binders, and (2) in situ clickscreen with biotinylated azido-folate anchor and FOLR1 protein toidentify heterobiligand hits resulting from protein-templated in situclick chemistry (FIG. 4). Two forms of folate anchor were used and werebased on the fact that folate conjugates typically incorporate a PEG3linker at the Glu side chain.

The short distance between FOLR1 epitope and the active site enabled theattachment of folate ligand to macrocycle hits to yield heterobiligands.The general structure of the heterobiligands is shown below, with thefolate on the left, the peptide ligand on the right, and the linker inthe middle.

Nine heterobiligand hits were found when the library was screenedagainst 100 nM biotinylated azido-folate anchor and 1 nM FOLR1 protein(Library D1). Ghwef (SEQ ID NO:8), kyeet (SEQ ID NO:9), ltdwh (SEQ IDNO:10), hepff (SEQ ID NO:11), wGlhk (SEQ ID NO:12), wwprG (SEQ IDNO:13), nnyl (SEQ ID NO:14), twsw (SEQ ID NO:15), and yfytw (SEQ IDNO:16). Another four heterobiligand hits were found when the library wasscreened against 500 nM biotinylated azido-folate anchor and 5 nM FOLR1protein (Library D2). wkhef (SEQ ID NO:17), tyGeh (SEQ ID NO:18), anGel(SEQ ID NO:19), and deryt (SEQ ID NO:20).

Two forms of heterobiligand were produced using the strong ligand hits.Tz heterobiligands were produced using ligands hshta (SEQ ID NO:6),kyeet (SEQ ID NO:9), and deryt (SEQ ID NO:20) and are characterized by aPEG linker, a Tz attachment of the ligand to the linker, and biotinattached to the N-terminus of the ligand. Tz heterobiligands had thegeneral structure:

NTerm heterobiligands were produced using the ligand hshta (SEQ ID NO:6)and are characterized by direct attachment of the N-terminus of theligand to the folate and biotin attached to the C-terminus of theligand. NTerm heterobiligands have the general structure:

The specific structures of the tested PCCs and heterobiligands are shownbelow.

Following the identification of promising hits, the compounds wereevaluated by ELISA (FIG. 5). Tested alone, kyeet (SEQ ID NO:9)demonstrated only minimal binding affinity for FOLR1 (EC₅₀>10,000 nM).However, once conjugated to folic acid, the heterobiligand is a highlypotent FOLR1 binder (EC₅₀=0.149 nM). This is over an order of magnitudegreater than folic acid alone (EC₅₀=2.8 nM).

A second PCC with sequence hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) was also evaluated in ananalogous workflow. Alone, hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) bound to FOLR1 with anEC₅₀ of 3917 nM. Attaching the natural ligand increased the affinity tosub-nanomolar levels. Two heterobiligand constructs were tested, onewith folic acid attached to the PCC via click reaction (Tzheterobiligand) and the other attached directly to the N-terminus of thepeptide (NTerm heterobiligand). Both constructs were superior to folicacid alone (EC₅₀=2.3 nM), with the NTerm heterobiligand (EC₅₀=0.065 nM)outperforming the Tz construct (EC₅₀=0.107 nM).

Both the kyeet (SEQ ID NO:9) and hshta (SEQ ID NO:6)-derived biligandswere tested by flow cytometry for binding to FOLR1 (+) and FOLR1 (−)cell lines (FIGS. 6 and 7). The human ovarian adenocarcinoma-derivedcell line OVCAR3 has robust FOLR1 expression and was selected as theFOLR1 (+) cell line. The human prostate adenocarcinoma-derived cell linePC-3 was selected as a FOLR1 (−) cell line. Alone, kyeet (SEQ ID NO:9)showed slight binding selectivity for FOLR1 (+) cells over FOLR1 (−)cells (FIG. 6). The heterobiligand construct containing folic acidconjugated to kyeet demonstrated high selectivity for FOLR1 (+) cells ina dose-dependent manner. Virtually complete selectivity was observed at40 nM of the test article.

The alternative PCC hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) alone demonstrated higherselectivity for FOLR1 than kyeet (SEQ ID NO:9). While both the Tz andNTerm heterobiligands containing folic acid conjugated to hshta (SEQ IDNO:6) demonstrated high selectivity for FOLR1 (+) cells, the NTermconstruct was superior (FIG. 7). The selectivity of the best performingfolate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) NTerm heterobiligand was superior to acommercially available FOLR1 antibody. Non-specific PC3 signal can betitrated away while maintaining OVCAR3 binding at low testconcentrations.

To optimize the distance and physiochemical properties of the linkerconnecting folic acid to the PCC hshta (SEQ ID NO:6), a small linkerscreen was undertaken. Rather than direct linkage of the PCC to folate,linkers of PEG7, Pro, and Gly were used. Increasing the spacer distanceor adding peptidic character were detrimental to the heterobiligand whenprofiled by ELISA. This trend was also reflected in a cellular context:the parent compound with direct attachment of folic acid to theN-terminus of the peptide was optimal. The folate-deryt (SEQ ID NO:20)heterobiligand also shows good binding affinity against FOLR1 (EC₅₀=0.28nM).

-   -   Folate-hshta Nterm Ec50=0.18 nM    -   Folate-deryt Ec50=0.28 nM    -   Folate-PEG7-hshta Ec50=1.0 nM    -   Folate-Pro-hshta Ec50=0.9 nM    -   Folate-Gly-hshta Ec50=0.9 nM

These varied linker heterobiligands were also tested by flow cytometryagainst OVCAR3 FOLR1+ and PC3 FOLR1− cells FIG. 8). Similar to ELISA,our lead heterobiligand demonstrates the best binding against OVCAR3FOLR1+ cells. All compounds show little to no binding of PC3 FOLR1−cells. The specific structures of the tested heterobiligands are shownbelow.

A competition experiment was conducted to further understand the bindingkinetics of the lead heterobiligand (folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Ntermheterobiligand). The natural ligand folic acid was doped into the Ntermheterobiligand dilution series at increasing concentrations to identifya concentration of folic acid that would worsen the apparent affinity ofthe heterobiligand for FOLR1. At concentrations of folic acid from 0 to500 nM the binding affinity of the heterobiligand is virtuallyunchanged. Higher concentration of folic acid (greater than 500 nM) canpartially compete away the heterobiligand.

Competition at the cellular level was also probed. Biotinylatedheterobiligand or biotinylated folic acid was incubated with OVCAR3 orPC-3 cells (FIG. 9). At increasing levels of exogenous folic acid, theheterobiligand was more resilient to folic acid displacement thanbiotinylated folic acid. The heterobiligand and biotinylated folic acidmaintained high selectivity for FOLR1 (+) cells. An inverse trend ofincreased binding of the ligands with the reduction of free folic acidwas observed. The percentage of OVCAR3 cells binding to biotinylatedheterobiligand was reduced from 76.6% (no folate) to 57% (0.1 μg/mLfolate).

The folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Nterm heterobiligand was also evaluatedin cell penetration imaging assays (FIG. 10). OVCAR3 and PC-3 cells wereincubated with the test article at 37° C. for 1 hour. Flow cytometryanalysis of the resulting treated cells indicated strong binding toFOLR1 (+) cells. To understand the proportion bound to the surface butnot internalized, the cells were briefly washed with acid to liberatethe non-internalized peptide. Following acid treatment, the percentageof positively stained cells decreases modestly from 73.4% to 54.2%. Thissuggests that a larger portion of the positive staining is the result ofinternalization and not cell surface binding.

To further understand intracellular trafficking of the Ntermheterobiligand, these dye-labeled compounds were imaged by fluorescencemicroscopy. The cells were counterstained with BioTracker 490, whichstains membranes, and Rab5a+, an endosomal stain. The heterobiligandlabeled with DyLight 650 demonstrated internalization with clearpreference for early endosomes. This colocalization with the endosomaldye suggests receptor-mediated endocytosis. Low levels of DyLight650 wasdetected within PC-3 (FOLR1−) cells. Taken together, internalization ofthe heterobiligand appears to be receptor driven and selective for FOLR1(+) cells.

Further evaluation of the folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Ntermheterobiligand depended on cross reactivity with mouse recombinant FOLR1(rMuFOLR1). The heterobiligand binds to both species' variants of FOLR1with high affinity. This observation was expected given the highhomology between the two variants (approximately 92%).

Folate-hshta Nterm Mouse FOLR1 Ec50 = 0.33 nM Folate-hshta Nterm HumanFOLR1 Ec50 = 0.35 nM Biotinylated Folate Mouse FOLR1 Ec50 = 0.46 nMBiotinylated Folate Human FOLR1 Ec50 = 0.82 nM Biotinylated hshta MouseFOLR1 Ec50 = 2100 nM Biotinylated hshta Human FOLR1 Ec50 = 3400 nMBiotinylated Folate Mouse FOLR1 Ec50 = 0.60 nM Biotinylated Folate HumanFOLR1 Ec50 = 0.89 nM Biotin Mouse FOLR1 Biotin Human FOLR1

NSG mice were engrafted with OVCAR3 cells subcutaneously. Once the tumorhad reached around 0.8 cm diameter, they were treated with parenteral¹⁸F-labeled folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Nterm heterobiligand andevaluated by PET/CT imaging. ¹⁸F PET/CT imaging scans were performed at0-1 h (dynamic), 2 h (static), and 4 h (static). All time pointsmeasured out to 4 hours exhibited substantial tumor uptake of theradiotracer (FIG. 11). Absorption of the radiotracer by highly perfusedorgans including the lungs indicate systemic circulation of thecompound. Compound clearance is driven at the very early timepoints by acombination of hepatic and renal excretion. Over time, clearance isexclusively renal with retention of the compound in the tumor, andkidney. Accumulation in the mouse kidney is not surprising given thehigh expression of FOLR1 in this organ and the demonstrated crossreactivity of the heterobiligand with muFOLR1. The time-coursebiodistribution of ¹⁸F-labeled folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Ntermheterobiligand was calculated to quantify the uptake in major organsincluding the tumor (FIG. 12). Accumulation of ¹⁸F-labeled folate-hshta(SEQ ID NO:6) Nterm heterobiligand is observed in the tumor with ˜4% ofthe injected dose/cc at 4 h post injection. A cross trial comparison ofthree mice shows radiotracer accumulation in the tumor ranging from 3.5%and 5.5% of the injected dose/cc at 4 h post injection (FIG. 13).

A biotin-labeled albumin binding heterobiligand was synthesized toverify the heterobiligand binds to FOLR1 with acceptable affinity and toconfirm albumin binding. A biotin-labeled heterobiligand was alsosynthesized to verify the DOTA does not interfere with binding.

where Tag=Lys(4-MPBA)-PEG10-PEG10-Lys(Biotin) for albumin binder andLys(DOTA)-PEG10-PEG10-Lys(Biotin) for chelate.

Increasing the serum-bound fraction of the peptide may decrease firstpass removal of the heterobiligand, and drive compound retention oftumor over kidney. Constructs bearing the known albumin binder4-methylphenyl butyric acid (4-MPBA) were synthesized. These compoundswere evaluated in vitro to verify binding fidelity to FOLR1. Themodified heterobiligands were incubated at 400 nM with OVCAR3 and PC-3cells for 20 minutes at 37° C. in complete media containing 20% FBS.They both bind to OVCAR3 FOLR1+ cells with similar binding affinities asthe original heterobiligand studied (FIG. 14). Gratifyingly, theaddition of the albumin binding moiety does not impact binding to thetarget. Similar activity of these heterobiligands is anticipated invivo.

EC₅₀ Folate-hshta 0.065 nM Folate-hshta-MPBA 0.110 nM Folate-hshta-DOTA0.098 nM Folate  2.3 nM

Evaluation of a folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Nterm heterobiligand bearingboth an albumin binder and DOTA chelator in PET was a priority, giventhat DOTA can accommodate both ⁶⁸Ga for imaging and ¹⁷⁷Lu forradiotherapy. A 200 μCi dose of ⁶⁸Ga-labeledfolate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6) (compound #2809) wasinjected i.v. via tail vein in an NSG mouse bearing s.c. human OVCAR3(FOLR1+) tumor. ⁶⁸Ga PET/CT imaging scans were performed at 0-1 h(dynamic), 2 h (static), and 4 h (static). Images for mouse 4 are shownin FIG. 15 (tumor size 150 mm³), and images for mouse 6 are shown inFIG. 16 (tumor size 490 mm³). Kidneys are the major organ ofelimination. The time-course biodistribution of ⁶⁸Ga-labeledfolate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6) (compound #2809) wascalculated to quantify the uptake in major organs including the tumor(FIG. 17). At early tumor sizes (150 mm³), low decay-corrected doseaccumulation is observed in the tumor (˜1.4% of the injected dose/cc at4 h post injection) (FIGS. 17A and 17B). Like the ¹⁸F-labeled peptide,however, renal clearance is the preferred excretion pathway (FIGS. 17Cand 17D). Larger tumors (490 mm³) were also evaluated with the⁶⁸Ga-chelated PET probe. In these larger models, higher accumulationwithin the tumor was observed (˜2.2% of the injected dose/cc at 4 h postinjection) (FIGS. 17A and 17B). Tumor to muscle ratio data indicate thatthe radiotracer provides sufficient measurable PET signal to identifytumor delineated from background tissue (FIGS. 17E and 17F). Clearanceof activity from the liver (FIGS. 17G and 17H) and heart (FIGS. 171 and17J) is observed over time with elimination through the bladder (FIGS.17K and 17L). Probe accumulation in tumor is significantly associatedwith tumor size (FIG. 18; data collected at the 4 h time point are usedbecause they are most relevant to the therapeutic effects).

For use in imaging and targeted therapy additional forms of the leadheterobiligand were produced. The parent compound, including DOTA forchelating a radionuclide (X) is:

To this an albumin binding moiety (MPBA) was added:

As an alternative, a GFK linker, susceptible to brush border cleavage,was added between the DOTA and the heterobiligand:

As another alternative, both modifications (albumin binding moiety andbrush border cleavage linker) can be included in the same heterobiligandconstruct (e.g., Folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6),not shown).

With data suggesting targeted tumor retention, a therapeutic study wasinitiated by engrafting NSG mice with OVCAR3 cells. The engraftment wasallowed to expand until palpable tumor sizes ranging in size from218-384 mm³ were detected. Animals were split into groups in a doserangefinding experiment receiving 111 MBq, 37 MBq, 18.5 MBq, 9.25 MBq,3.7 MBq, or 0 MBq radiotracer dose in the form ofFolate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6) (compound #2809)with ¹⁷⁷Lu chelated (Table 1). Animals receiving the peptide alone withno ¹⁷⁷Lu chelated (0 MBq dose) experienced increasing tumor volume untilthe study endpoints were met at day 25. Gratifyingly, no observablecompound-related adverse events were detected in this 0 MBq dose cohort.Animals treated with the three highest doses (111 MBq, 37 MBq, and 18.5MBq) displayed adverse events that were dose proportional. Theseobserved effects were consistant with radiation overdosing. The twolowest radio-doses (9.25 MBq and 3.7 MBq) were well tolerated. Micereceiving these dosing regimes demonstrated significant tumor reductionproportional to the dose received. From this study, it was determinedthat doses of 9.25 MBq and 3.7 MBq are well tolerated and efficacious.The best response was observed using 9.25 MBq Lu-177 Heterobiligand(compound #2809). Imaging and treatment feasibility was achieved withthe same basic PCC construct, thus confirming that the PCC platform canperform theranostically.

TABLE 1 Therapeutic Dose Finding Study in OVCAR3 Ovarian CancerXenograft Model DOTA-Heterobiligand ¹⁷⁷Lu dose Albumin binder conjugateComments   3 mCi (111 MBq) 3 mice 2 mice died on day 4 1 mouse died onday 5   1 mCi (37 MBq) 2 mice 2 mice died on day 10  0.5 mCi (18.5 MBq)2 mice 1 mouse died on day 10 1 mouse died on day 13 0.25 mCi (9.25 MBq)2 mice Sacrificed on day 24  0.1 mCi (3.7 MBq) 2 mice Sacrificed on day24   0 3 mice Sacrificed on day 24

The identical folate-hshta (SEQ ID NO:6) Nterm heterobiligand bearingboth an albumin binder and DOTA chelator is amenable to both ⁶⁸Gachelation for imaging or ¹⁷⁷Lu chelation for radiotherapy (FIG. 19).Doses for this repeat experiment were derived from the tolerabilitystudy, with treatment cohorts receiving either 9.25 MBq (high dose) or3.7 MBq (low dose). The two radiotracer doses and the control dose(peptide only with no ¹⁷⁷Lu) were well tolerated, recapitulating theresults of the rangefinding study out to 17 days. Over the course of theexperiment, a clear differential in tumor growth was observed for bothdoses compared to the unabated control cohort (FIG. 20). The responsewas dose-dependent, with the highest dose exhibiting the largest tumorgrowth suppression (FIG. 20).

Subjecting the DOTA-containing heterobiligands to ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ at 95° C. for15 minutes in 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) provided the chelatedadduct in high yields. No further optimization of the labelingconditions was required. Both folate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(DOTA) andfolate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6) (compound #2809)were successfully labeled with Lu-177 (100% conversion verified by bothradioTLC and HPLC). Purity was confirmed to be 100% on HPLC. For mouseinjection, the undiluted product in 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5)was used directly or formulated in buffered saline.

The gallium labeling conditions were optimized using Ga(NO₃)₃. Thechelation was found to be rapid and efficient, with near quantitativeconversion observed after 5 minutes at 90° C. and pH 4. Heating thereaction allowed for nearly 100% conversion of starting material (MW:1927 m/z) into the gallium chelated product (MW: 1994 m/z) in under 5min. Analytical HPLC data show the retention time shift from ˜24.5 min(starting material) to ˜25.1 min (product). HPLC conditions: 150×4.6 mmC18 column; 2-20% B, 60 min gradient; 25 μL injection volume.

Utilizing an azido-folate anchor to template heterobiligands, anadditional hit was profiled, This heterobiligand, based on the PCC deryt(SEQ ID NO:20), demonstrated high binding affinity by ELISA andexcellent selectivity for FOLR1 (+) cells (FIG. 21). Cells wereincubated for 20 min at 37° C. in TC incubator with 400 nM of compound.

-   -   Lys(PEG3-Folate)-deryt EC₅₀=0.16 nM    -   Pra(Az4-PEG3-folate)-deryt EC₅₀=0.27 nM    -   Folate EC₅₀=2.3 nM    -   deryt EC₅₀=10 μM

Two versions of the folate-deryt (SEQ ID NO:20) heterobiligand weresynthesized. The first construct, utilizing a Tz linker, mimics theattachment structure from the in situ click screen. A second construct,utilizing a lysine in place of the Tz linker, maintains the correctdistance between folic acid and the PCC but replaces the triazole withan amide bond.

Further experiments were used to determine that the addition of animproved albumin binder and brush border linker would attenuate the highkidney signal we observed in ⁶⁸Ga imaging experiment described above. Asdescribed above, compound #2809 (folate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA)(SEQ ID NO:6)) was tested in tumor bearing NSG mice. This compoundcontains the folate-PCC heterobiligand with the albumin binder4-methylphenyl butyric acid (MPBA) and DOTA chelator connected via PEG3.

A new compound (#1307; folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ IDNO:6)) contains the identical FOLR1 binding motif with the addition of asuperior albumin binder 4-iodophenyl butyric acid (IPBA). IPBA has ahigh affinity for albumin, a large component of mammalian serum. Bybinding to albumin, the heterobiligand-albumin complex is shielded fromthe kidney's filtering system. The bound and unbound equilibrium allowsfor the serum-free fraction to participate in FOLR1(+) tumor binding(FIG. 22).

In addition to the albumin binder, a brush border cleavable linkerGly-L-Phe-L-Lys was employed to connect the DOTA chelator. This allowsenzymes in the kidney to cleave off the radionuclide-chelator complexwhich is eliminated through the bladder.

To optimize the albumin binding potential of the heterobiligand, aplasma protein binding (PPB) experiment was performed. This experimentmeasured the amount of test article bound and free after equilibratingwith plasma. Compound #6305 (folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA)(SEQ ID NO:6)), which contains the MPBA albumin binder, was 96.26% boundto mouse plasma and 98.34% bound to human plasma. Compound #1307(folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)), which isidentical except for the use of IPBA instead of MPBA, demonstrated asignificantly higher level of plasma binding. In mouse and human plasmas99.6% and 99.5% was bound, respectively. The alternative brush bordercompound L-Met-L-Val-L-Lys (compound #1306;folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-M-V-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)) was roughly 97%bound to plasma, demonstrating that the linker also plays a role inplasma affinity. The absence of an albumin binder (compound #7327;folate-hshta-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)) demonstrated comparativelylow binding in both mouse (40.87%) and human (40.29%) plasma. PlasmaProtein Binding indicates that IPBA is a superior albumin binder thanMPBA. Compound #1307 possesses the optimized Alb binder and neprilysin(NEP) cleavage linker and has been chosen for further in vivo study. Theresults are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Summary of FOLR1 Constructs Plasma % Bound # Compound Alb BB invivo % MeCN (% Recovery) in vitro Assay Data 2809 Fol-hshta-PEG3- MPBAN/A RVDx  29.6% Hu: 83.28% (85.8% Confirmed to be Lys(4-MPBA)-recovered) resistant to NEP Lys(DOTA) Mu: 92.09% cleavage. (107.7%recovered)   2 Fol-hshta-PEG3- N/A N/A Dx 17.45% Hu: 43.01% (85.0%Lys(FB) recovered) Mu: 20.22% (115.0% recovered) 1189 Fol-hshta-PEG3-N/A N/A  25.2% Hu: 46.02% (102.5% Confirmed to be Lys(DOTA) recovered)resistant to NEP Mu: 29.51% (97.4% cleavage. recovered) 7327Fol-hshta-Gly- N/A GFK  23.8% Hu: 40.29% (112.7% Cleavage of -G-F-K-Phe-Lys(DOTA) recovered) linker was confirmed Mu: 40.87% in NEP assay.(102.4% recovered) 6305 Fol-hshta-Lys(4- MPBA GFK Rx/Dx  32.3% Hu:98.34% (86.2% Cleavage of -G-F-K- MPBA)-Gly-Phe- recovered) linker wasconfirmed Lys(DOTA) Mu: 96.26% in NEP assay. (107.1% recovered) 1307Fol-hshta-Lys(4- IPBA GFK Rx/Dx  34.1% Hu: 99.50% (84.4% Cleavage of-G-F-K- IPBA)-Gly-Phe- recovered) linker was confirmed Lys(DOTA) Mu:99.60% (87.7% in NEP assay. recovered) 1306 Fol-hshta-Lys(4- IPBA MVK 33.4% Hu: 97.35% (84.8% Cleavage of -M-V-K- IPBA)-Met-Val- recovered)linker was confirmed Lys(DOTA) Mu: 97.12% (82.7% in NEP assay.recovered) 3302 Fol-hshta-Lys(4- MPBA GFK Dx  33.2% Hu: 94.9% (88.1%Cleavage of -G-F-K- MPBA)-Gly-Phe- recovered) linker was confirmedLys(PEG3-DOTA) Mu: 96.5% (102.8% in NEP assay. recovered) 6307Fol-hshta-PEG3- N/A GFK  26.1% Hu: 41.3% (81.6% Cleavage of -G-F-K-Gly-Phe- recovered) linker was confirmed Lys(DOTA) Mu: 40.6% (68.9% inNEP assay. recovered) Octreotide Acetate Hu: 59.41% (84.3% Control(Cyclic recovered) peptide) Mu: 62.36% (84.5% recovered) Alb: AlbuminBinder; BB: Brush Border Cleavable linker; in vivo: compound has beendosed; PPB: plasma protein binding assay (Human/CD-1 Mouse); % MeCN:percent Acetonitrile that elutes the compound (HPLC).

Following the injection of four female NSG mice with the improvedconstruct (compound #1307 chelated with ⁶⁸Ga) the animals were imaged byPET/CT to profile the time-course biodistribution. Images were capturedfor compound #1307 at the time points 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1h, 2 h, and 4 h. PET/CT images were taken following the injection of 4female NSG mice with 68Ga-chelated compound #2809. In contrast tocompound #2809, compound #1307 demonstrated very low kidney absorption.Instead, this compound initially accumulates in the lung, a highlyperfused organ that also expresses FOLR1. Images for mouse 4 are shownin FIG. 23 (Compounds #1307 and #2809) and FIG. 24 (Compound #1307).

The biodistribution of ⁶⁸Ga-chelated compound #1307 was also calculatedand compared to the biodistribution of ⁶⁸Ga-chelated compound #2809(FIG. 25). The kidney profile of compound #1307 demonstrates aseven-fold reduction in dose when compared to compound #2809 at the lasttime point (4 hours) (FIG. 25B). Both compounds demonstrate robustelimination through the bladder (FIG. 25D). Gratifyingly, the low kidneysignal for compound #1307 did not result in an offsetting increase inliver clearance (FIG. 25E). This is in contrast with otherFOLR1-targeted PET imaging agents.

Higher accumulation of compound #1307 in the heart was also observed(FIG. 25C). The increased dose to this highly perfused organ is mostlikely due to the increased plasma binding contributed by the IPBAmoiety. The lung also demonstrates increased accumulation of compound#1307 (FIG. 25A). The greater than three-fold increase in lungaccumulation when compared to the less than two-fold increase in heartexposure suggests that this accumulation is the result of FOLR1-mediatedaccumulation.

Kidney retention of radiotracers is a source of nephrotoxicity that canhinder development of theranostic agents via radiation-mediated DNAdamage. To reduce the radioactive dose to the kidney, compounds wereconstructed to incorporate a linker that is susceptible to cleavage byenzymes found predominately in the kidney's brush border. These enzymescleave off the radionuclide-chelator complex, which is quicklyeliminated by the kidney.

The zinc metalloprotease neprilysin (NEP) is expressed in a variety oftissue but has high abundance in the kidney. Two tripeptide sequencesare recognized and cleaved by NEP: L-Met-L-Val-L-Lys andGly-L-Phe-L-Lys. These sequences were used as cleavable linkers in thedisclosed compounds.

In order to test the susceptibility of GFK and MVK linkers toNEP-mediated cleavage, the peptide(Folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)) was incubatedwith human recombinant NEP and analyzed the solution for the presence ofcleaved adducts. MALDI was utilized to monitor the cleavage of a PCCheterobiligand that contains a NEP protease recognizable sequence(G-F-K). The PCC concentration was constant and the NEP concentrationwas titrated down from 10 nM to 1 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.01 nM, and no NEP. TheNEP-mediated cleaved adduct was identified by mass. 10 μM PCC containingthe GFK linker was combined with varying amounts of NEP. At 10 nM NEP,complete consumption of the starting peptide was observed. At 1 nM and0.1 nM NEP, partial cleavage was observed. Below 0.1 nM no cleavage wasobserved.

-   -   Folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 2231.42

The NEP-mediated cleavage was also monitored by HPLC. In agreement withthe MALDI spectra, the HPLC chromatograms show depletion of the parentbrush-border heterobiligand (retention time 17.1 minutes),dose-dependent on the amount of NEP spiked into the sample (10 nM, 1 nM,0.1 nM, 0.01 nM, and no NEP). An appearance of a new peak (retentiontime 16.5 minutes) in concert with the depletion of the startingmaterial is presumed to be the cleaved folate-containing peptide.

In order to test the specificity of NEP, a non-cleavable linker (PEG3)was also assayed. The NEP enzymatic cleavage assay was run usinghshta-folate heterobiligands with and without the cleavable linker.

-   -   Folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 2231.42    -   Folate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 2215.42

In both MALDI and HPLC, the PEG3 compound was unchanged when incubatedwith NEP, while the GFK linker cleaved at the predicted site. In MALDI,the heterobiligand containing the -G-F-K- linker cleaved at the designedamide bond, producing an observable fragment with the predicted m/z(Folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-G-OH (SEQ ID NO:6); Molecular weight 1569.67).The heterobiligand containing a PEG3 in place of the -G-F-K-, however,did not cleave in the presence of NEP. In addition to confirming theselectivity of the NEP enzyme for the -G-F-K- peptide linker, it is alsoimportant to note that the remaining portions of the peptide wereimpervious to NEP.

The NEP-mediated cleavage was also monitored by HPLC. In agreement withthe MALDI spectra, the HPLC chromatograms show depletion of the parentbrush-border heterobiligand (retention time 17.1 minutes). The relatednon-cleavable analog remained unchanged (retention time 15.6 minutes).An appearance of a new peak (retention time 16.5 minutes) in concertwith the depletion of the starting material is presumed to be thecleaved folate-containing peptide.

Two new heterobiligands were tested for NEP-mediated cleavage. Onepossesses an L-Met-L-Val-L-Lys linker, the other a Gly-L-Phe-L-Lyslinker. Both are also appended with an improved albumin binder,4-iodophenyl butyric acid (IPBA).

-   -   Folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-M-V-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 2369.39    -   Folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 2343.29

At 1 nM NEP, substantial (and in the case of GFK complete) cleavage ofthe test article was observed by MALDI-TOF MS. For the MVK linker, twospecies were identified, differing by mass of one methionine. Thisexperiment confirms that both cleavable linkers are susceptible to NEPcleavage.

-   -   Folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-M-OH (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 1755.68    -   Folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-OH (SEQ ID NO:6)        -   Molecular weight 1624.48    -   Folate-hshta-Lys(IPBA)-G-OH (SEQ ID NO:6) Molecular weight        1681.54

Key compounds were subjected to a plasma stability assay to determinethe liability of the heterobiligand (and the NEP linker in particular)towards secreted peptidases found in mammalian plasma. Plasma stabilityof compounds #2809, 1307, 2 and 1306 and a propantheline bromide controlwere measured. Gratifyingly, we observed robust stability toward bothrodent (CD-1 mouse) and human plasma for all compounds tested. Thissuggests that the PCCs with or without the L-amino acid NEP linker arestable in plasma. The results are shown in Table 3. All of the compoundsshowed stability in both human and mouse up to the limit of the assay(>289.1 min).

TABLE 3 Plasma Stability of Select Compounds # Compound Plasma Stability(t 1/2) 2809 Fol-hshta-PEG3-Lys(4-MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) Hu: >289.1 minMu: >289.1 min   2 Fol-hshta-PEG3-Lys(FB) Hu: >289.1 min Mu: >289.1 min1307 Fol-hshta-Lys(4-IPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) Hu: >289.1 min Mu: >289.1min 1306 Fol-hshta-Lys(4-IPBA)-Met-Val-Lys(DOTA) Hu: >289.1 minMu: >289.1 min 7327 Fol-hshta-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) Hu: >6937.7 minMu: >6937.7 min 6305 Fol-hshta-Lys(4-MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA) Hu: >6937.7min Mu: >6937.7 min 3303 Fol-hshta-Gly-Phe-Lys(AO) Hu: >6937.7 minMu: >6937.7 min (FB) Propantheline bromide (Control) Hu: 11.6 min Mu:44.8 min

The heterobiligand dosed in these studies isFolate-hshta-PEG3-Lys(MPBA)-Lys(DOTA) (Compound #2809; SEQ ID NO:6))labeled with ¹⁷⁷Lu. Plasma samples taken from tumor-bearing mice (ateach dose) were assayed for biomarkers indicative of nephrotoxicity.These samples were compared to plasma taken from normal mice. Elevatedurea levels in plasma could indicate kidney damage. Endogenous urea isconverted to ammonia and carbon dioxide by the addition of urease.Berthelot's reagent reacts with the dissolved ammonia. The resultinggreen coloration can be used to back-calculate the amount of ureapresent in the original plasma sample.

Mouse plasma samples (five mice each from the 0 MBq control group, 3.7MBq group, and 9.25 MBq group) taken at endpoint and normal mouse plasmawere evaluated in urea assays to gain information on renal function.Data show that the 9.25 MBq treated mice have 1.5 times elevated levelsof blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level than the normal mice (Tables 4 and5). The BUN value for normal mice has a range of 17-20 mg/dL, while micewith kidney injuries have 2×-4× higher BUN levels. Animals receivingeither 0 or 3.7 MBq doses fell within nominal plasma urea levels. Thehighest dose, 9.25 MBq, yielded increased plasma urea levels.

TABLE 4 ¹⁷⁷Lu dose [BUN] (mg/dL) Normal Mice 20.7 ± 4.3   0 MBq 22.6 ±2.7  3.7 MBq 25.4 ± 4.3 9.25 MBq 30.4 ± 7.8

TABLE 5 Mice [BUN] (mg/dL) Normal C57BL/6^(a) 17 Normal C57BL/6^(b) 20 2day post Ischemia^(b) 51 Normal DBA/2J^(c) 19 3 day post5/6-nephrectomy^(c) 42 Normal C57BL/6^(d) 19 1 day post Renal 82Ischemia/Reperfusion^(d) References: ^(a)Rodrigues et. al., Biomed ResInt. 2014; 872827. ^(b)Han et. al., Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013; 4(3) 74.^(c)Grindle, et. al., Comp Med. 2006; 56(6) 482. ^(d)Jouret et. al.,PLoS One 2016; 11(9) e0163021.

Creatinine is another biomarker indicative of kidney stress. Thiscompound is a byproduct of metabolism that is removed from circulationby the kidney. An elevated plasma creatinine level is indicative ofpoorly functioning kidneys. Mouse plasma samples (five mice each fromthe 0 MBq control group, 3.7 MBq group, and 9.25 MBq group) taken atendpoint and normal mouse plasma were evaluated in creatinine assays togain information on renal function (Table 6). In the tumor therapeuticexperiment, the animals dosed with 0 MBq and 3.7 MBq demonstratedelevated dissolved creatinine. Animals dosed with 9.25 MBq of thecompound demonstrated substantially higher creatinine concentration.

TABLE 6 ¹⁷⁷Lu dose [Creatinine] (μmol/L) Normal Mice  7.7 ± 3.6   0 MBq16.2 ± 12.0  3.7 MBq 15.5 ± 6.1 9.25 MBq 43.9 ± 27.0

Tumor growth, body weight, and gamma counting data were compiled at theendpoint of the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#6305 therapy study of OVCAR3 xenografts. Tumorsizes at time of treatment were compared for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#6305 andprevious therapy studies. The ⁶⁸Ga and ¹⁷⁷Lu labeling of heterobiligand#3302 is being tested. This heterobiligand is similar to compound #6305but has a PEG3 spacer between the GFK linker and DOTA to improve thesolubility and reactivity. Chelation of ¹⁷⁵Lu proceeds more efficientlyfor #3302 than #6305, which indicates that this enhancement in labelingwill translate to the ¹⁷⁷Lu reaction.

Lu177-#6305 treatments were tested to determine the tolerated and mosteffective doses. Single dose treatments at 18.5 MBq/nmol specificactivity. OVCAR3 mouse model was used. 10⁷ cell tumors were implanted inthe mice one month before administration of ¹⁷⁷Lu-#6305. Five mice eachwere administered Cold #6305, 9.25 MBq Lu177-#6305, and 14.8 MBqLu177-#6305, and two mice were administered 29.6 MBq Lu177-#6305. Tumorgrowth and body weight were then monitored.

No significant body weight change was detected in groups treated with9.25 MBq and 14.8 MBq Lu177-#6305 (FIG. 26). The 29.6 MBq Lu177-#6305treatment group showed substantial body weight decrease after injection(FIG. 26). 14.8 MBq Lu177-#6305 treatment significantly slowed downOVCAR3 tumor growth (FIG. 27).

7 days after Lu177-#6305 injection, the 29.6 MBq group lost 20% bodyweight. These mice were sacrificed. Tissues and plasma were collectedfor evaluation of radioactivity by gamma counting. The toxicity may haveresulted from its accumulation in the kidneys and liver (FIG. 28). Atstudy endpoint (Day 28 post-injection), plasma, tumors, kidneys, lungs,hearts, livers, and muscles from 9.25 MBq and 14.8 MBq treatment groupswere collected for evaluation of radioactivity by gamma counting (FIG.29).

Lu177-#6305 at 14.8 MBq significantly slowed down OVCAR3 xenograft tumorgrowth. Both 9.25 MBq and 14.8 MBq doses of Lu177-#6305 were toleratedwithout significant body weight change detected. The 29.6 MBqLu177-#6305 dose caused substantial body weight decrease afterinjection. Based on the gamma counting data from the 29.6 MBq group onDay 7 post-injection, high radioactivity was detected in the kidney andthe liver (394,834 CPM/g and 107,374 CPM/g, respectively). 42,674 CPM/gwas detected in the tumor. Based on the gamma counting data from thegroups of 9.25 MBq and 14.8 MBq on Day 28 post-injection, the liverradioactivity (685 CPM/g in the 9.25 MBq group and 1,264 CPM/g in the14.8 MBq group) was higher than that in the kidney (414 CPM/g in the9.25 MBq group and 653 CPM/g in the 14.8 MBq group). The tumorradioactivity was 33 CPM/g and 60 CPM/g, respectively, for the 9.25 MBqgroup and the 14.8 MBq group.

In the gamma counting data, the tumor/kidney ratio was 0.108 and 0.093in the 29.6 MBq group and the 14.8 MBq group, which are quitecomparable. There was a ˜6-fold increase in tumor mass between Day 7 andDay 28, suggesting that the decrease in radioactivity in the tumor wasslower than that in the kidney (the values were normalized to mass,CPM/g). There was a substantial increase in the liver/kidney radio from0.27 to 1.94 (29.6 MBq group on Day 7 vs. 14.8 MBq group on Day 28).

Tumor size on day −2 for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#2809 treatment is shown in FIG. 30.Heterobiligand #2809 has a PEG3 linker and MPBA albumin binder. A singledose at 81.4 MBq/nmol specific activity was used. Tumor size (avg.) attreatment was 203 mm³. Significant tumor growth control at 9.25 MBq andpartial response at 3.7 MBq was observed.

Tumor size on day 0 for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#1307 treatment is shown in FIG. 31.Heterobiligand #1307 has IPBA albumin binder and GFK linker (for kidneycleavage). A single dose at 1.73 MBq/nmol specific activity was used.Tumor size (avg.) at treatment was 117 mm³. A partial response wasobserved at 6.29-7.03 MBq (small n).

Tumor size on day 0 for the ¹⁷⁷Lu-#6305 treatment is shown in FIG. 32.Heterobiligand #6305 has MPBA albumin binder and GFK linker (for kidneycleavage). A single dose at 18.5 MBq/nmol specific activity was used.Tumor size (avg.) at treatment was 148 mm³. A partial response wasobserved at 14.8 MBq and nonresponse at 9.25 MBq.

The greatest tumor growth control was observed when treating at thehighest ¹⁷⁷Lu specific activity and largest tumor sizes. Also, thelinkers attached to a given heterobiligand would have influenced itsexposure to the tumor.

The heterobiligands can also be tested in in vivo therapy studiesdesigned to investigate the specific activity of ¹⁷⁷Lu labeling, tumorsize at time of treatment, and protein binding contributions to therapyresponse. ¹⁸F-FBA PET imaging studies can also be used to profile thebiodistribution and clearance with iteration of BB cleavable linkerdesigns for reduction of renal uptake. SKOV3 can be employed as a secondFOLR+ ovarian cancer xenograft model for PET imaging.

A summary of the results of in vivo response to heterobiligand treatmentin OVCAR3 xenografts is shown in FIG. 33. FIG. 33A shows the results forOVCAR3 xenografts treated with Lu177-#2809 (SA=81.4 MBq/nmol). FIG. 33Bshows results for OVCAR3 xenografts treated with Lu177-#1307 (SA=1.73MBq/nmol). FIG. 33C shows results for OVCAR3 xenografts treated withLu177-#6305 (SA=18.5 MBq/nmol).

Select FOLR constructs using AO instead of DOTA were tested. The resultsare summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Summary of AO-containing FOLR1 Constructs # Compound Alb BB invivo % MeCN Plasma % Bound (% Recovery) in vitro Assay Data 2808Fol-hshta-PEG3-Lys(4- MPBA N/A — MPBA)-Lys(AO) 0328Fol-hshta-PEG3-Lys(AO) N/A N/A Dx 17.45% Hu: 43.01% (85.0% recovered)(FB) Mu: 20.22% (115.0% recovered) (FB) 9416 Fol-hshta-Lys(4-IPBA)- IPBAGFK — Gly-Phe-Lys(AO) 3304 Fol-hshta-Lys(4-MPBA)- MPBA GFK 40.1%Cleavage of —G—F—K- Gly-Phe-Lys(AO) (FB) linker was confirmed in NEPassay. 3303 Fol-hshta-Gly-Phe- N/A GFK Dx 33.5% Hu: 81.0% (80.6%recovered) Cleavage of —G—F—K- Lys(AO) (FB) Mu: 75.5% (77.7% recovered)(FB) linker was confirmed in NEP assay. Alb: Albumin Binder; BB: BrushBorder Cleavable linker; in vivo: compound has been dosed; % MeCN:percent Acetonitrile that elutes the compound (HPLC).

Example 2: In Vivo Studies of Heterobiligand Compounds

In order to establish a maximum tolerated dose (MTD), a tolerabilitystudy was undertaken testing increasing amounts of the 177-Luheterobiligand 7327 (folate-hshta-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA)). Animals weremonitored for signs of toxicity and weighed twice weekly. Repeated dosesof 14.8 MBq, 22.2 MBq, 29.6 MBq, and 37 MBq were well tolerated (FIGS.34 and 35). The second and third doses were administered 21 daysfollowing the previous dose. Doses of 111 MBq and 185 MBq were nottolerated (FIG. 35). At these high doses, animals lost substantial bodyweight following the first dose, which worsened following the second andthird doses. This experiment established an MTD for 177-Lu 7327 ofbetween 37 and 111 MBq. The tolerance of the 0 MBq arm suggests that theradionuclide drives the toxicity profile and not the peptide alone.

Female NSG mice were implanted subcutaneously with OVCAR3 cells. Oncetumors reached volumes of 200 mm³, the animals were treated with 177-Lu7327. Three treatment arms of 9.25 MBq, 14.8 MBq, and 29.6 MBq werestudied. The first dose was well tolerated and the animals displayed novisible signs of radiotoxicity. Climbing body weights of all animalsalso suggest each dosing arm was well tolerated (FIG. 36A).

A second dose was administered 21 days following the first dose. Bodyweight loss of animals within the 9.25 MBq and 14.8 MBq arms was minimal(FIG. 36A). Animals receiving the highest dose exhibited modest loss ofbody weight that stabilized and then rebounded 10 days following thesecond dose. Caliper-measured tumor volume stabilized and then fellfollowing the second dose of the highest arm (FIGS. 36B and 37).Statistically significant differential between treated and untreated wasreached 12 days post injection for the 29.6 MBq arm (* for p≤0.05). Pvalues were determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiplecomparisons test.

At 45 days post injection, the animals bearing the smallest tumors wererandomized and given elevated doses of 177-Lu 7327. Animals received46.3 MBq, 74 MBq, or 148 MBq doses. The first dose was well toleratedfor all groups (FIG. 38A). The two highest doses, 74 MBq and 148 MBq,caused modest body weight loss (FIG. 38A). Tumor volumes for these dosesdecreased on average 50% following this single therapeutic dose (FIG.38B). Animals in the 46.3 MBq group experienced weight gain and stabletumor volumes (FIG. 38B). On day 24, each arm received an additionaltreatment. Animals in all three groups exhibited shrinking tumor sizes(FIG. 38B). This data suggests that 177-Lu 7327 can stabilize and insome cases reverse highly aggressive FOLR1 expressing tumors.

In order to understand the toxicity-limiting tissues and organs, plasmawas collected from the therapy studies and analyzed for blood ureanitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. BUN is often utilized in a series oftests to assess kidney function. Elevated BUN levels are an indicationof reduced kidney function. Creatinine is another important kidneybiomarker. Elevated creatinine is a sign of poor renal function.

Normal BUN levels were observed in mice receiving doses at or below 29.6MBq (Table 9). Those receiving doses of 46.3 MBq and 74 MBq exhibitedslightly elevated BUN levels (Table 9). Mice that received the highestdose of 148 MBq had elevated BUN levels (74.1 mg/dL) (Table 9).

TABLE 9 Assessment of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) After Therapy¹⁷⁷Lu-#7327 [BUN] dose (mg/dL)   0 MBq 27.3 ± 2.4 9.25 MBq 27.5 ± 2.614.8 MBq 30.6 ± 3.6 29.6 MBq 30.3 ± 2.1 46.3 MBq 32.4 ± 1.3   74 MBq34.6 ± 1.0  148 MBq 74.1 ± 21.3

The creatinine trends largely recapitulate the healthy renal functionsuncovered in the BUN assay. Animals receiving up to 29.6 MBq had normalcreatinine levels (Table 10). One mouse in the 46.3 MBq and 74 MBqgroups had elevated creatinine plasma concentrations. As a group,animals receiving 148 MBq had elevated creatinine levels (Table 10).

TABLE 10 Assessment of Creatinine After Therapy ¹⁷⁷Lu-#7327 dose[Creatinine] (μmol/L)   0 MBq 12.2 ± 2.0 9.25 MBq 15.3 ± 2.7 14.8 MBq16.4 ± 1.9 (Mouse #1) 41.6 ± 2.8 (Mouse #2) 29.6 MBq 12.4 ± 0.3 46.3 MBq13.9 ± 1.7   74 MBq 11.8 ± 3.3 (Mice #1 & 2) 37.6 ± 2.6 (Mouse #3)  148MBq 19.0 ± 1.6

Efforts were undertaken to evaluate 177-Lu 6305(folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA)), a compound with a brushborder cleavable linker in addition to an albumin binder. The albuminbinding moiety increases the circulation time of the compound byshielding it from renal proteases and elimination. Two separate MTDexperiments were undertaken. Animals receiving doses of 29.6 MBq, 37MBq, 111 MBq, and 185 MBq began to experience weight loss after thefirst dose (FIG. 39). A second dose 7 days after the first was nottolerated (FIG. 39). A second experiment interrogated lower doses.Animals receiving a single dose of 14.8 MBq, 18.5 MBq, and 22.2 MBqexhibited only minimal loss in body weight that quickly stabilized (FIG.40). A second dose administered 21 days was not tolerated (FIG. 40). Thetolerance of the 0 MBq arm indicates that the radionuclide drives thetoxicity profile and not the peptide alone (FIG. 40).

Example 3: Analysis of Heterobiligands for Therapeutic Use Introduction

Folate receptor is highly overexpressed in ovarian cancer and presentsan attractive target to specifically deliver therapeutic radiation. Indi¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 is a low molecular weight (˜2100 Da), water soluble,ultra-high affinity synthetic peptide-folate conjugate targeting thefolate receptor alpha (FOLR). This construct is internalized intoovarian cancer cells by the cell's folate receptor, outcompeting nativefolate for receptor binding by approximately 500-fold. FOLR-targeteddrugs can present significant renal toxicity unless rapidly cleared.Since FOLR is highly expressed in the kidney, the kidney exposure ofIndi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 is mitigated by inclusion of a 3-amino acid linker thatis enzymatically cleaved at the renal brush border membrane. Uponcleavage, the intact ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA fragment is released from the primarydrug conjugate and passed to the bladder for excretion. The drug ishighly stable in human plasma and due to the use of d-amino acids andits low molecular weight, it is unlikely to be immunogenic.

Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 is a radiolabeled peptide-folate conjugate is especiallyuseful in the treatment of patients with epithelial ovarian, primaryperitoneal or fallopian tube cancers that are platinum resistant andFOLR positive. FOLR is a folate-binding protein located on cellularmembranes that contributes to folate uptake by cells. It is anattractive anticancer drug target owing to its overexpression in a rangeof solid tumors, including ovarian, lung, and breast cancers (Scarantiet al., Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2020; 17(6):349-359). PCCtechnology is a powerful screening strategy to rapidly discoverhigh-avidity, synthetic peptide ligands to judiciously selected epitopesof proteins (Agnew et al., Chemical Reviews. 2019; 119(17):9950-9970).Heterobiligands designed for multivalent interactions with human FOLRwere developed by conjugating folate ligand to macrocyclic peptideligands selected by our PCC platform. The close proximity of targetedFOLR epitopes to the active site and chemical linker optimization wereleveraged in generating ultra-high affinity binding that outcompetes thenative folate ligand.

The FOLR targeting ligand in Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 is chemically attached viaa DOTA chelator to lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu), a therapeutic radioactive atomwhich releases an energetic beta particle to precisely deliver cellkilling radiation to the tumor. To reduce treatment related kidneyexposure, the chemically attached G-F-K linker is susceptible toenzymatic cleavage at the renal brush border membrane. When Indi¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 enters the renal brush border cells, enzymatic cleavageresults in liberation of the intact ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA fragment and excretion inthe urine.

Ovarian cancer can only be definitively diagnosed with a tissue biopsy.Ovarian cancer is suspected when there are certain findings on aclinical pelvic exam, symptoms that may be concerning for a malignancy,or abnormalities that may be seen incidentally on imaging studies forother purposes. Once suspected, bloodwork, such as cancer antigenCA-125, is conducted in combination with imaging which is oftenultrasound (US) followed by computed tomography (CT) or magneticresonance imaging (MRI). When possible, positron emission tomographycombined with CT (PET-CT) can be used to further quantify the likelihoodof an ovarian tumor. The role of imaging in ovarian cancer involvesdetection, characterization, and staging. Imaging plays an importantrole in characterization of ovarian masses, as the number of benignovarian masses greatly exceeds the number of malignant masses(Balachandran and Iyer, Applied Radiology. 2005; 34(9):19-29). Ifsomeone is considered at elevated risk for having an ovarian tumor,risk-based protocols that combine surgery, sometimes with neoadjuvantchemotherapy, are used to both stage and treat the patient.

Women who have completed initial treatment for advanced stage ovariancarcinoma are monitored closely for evidence of recurrence. Follow upconsists of physical exams, CA-125 blood level monitoring, and imaging(CT or PET-CT being the most common modalities). Typically, if CA-125levels are obtained and an elevation from post-treatment baseline isseen, this would determine the need for radiologic imaging to try andidentify location of tumor recurrence. Some women have intervaldebulking procedures scheduled either during or immediately followingcompletion of first-line treatment. Women can also have intervaldebulking procedures as part of the initial treatment for recurrent orsuspected recurrent ovarian cancer.

PET-CT is used to diagnose recurrence of ovarian cancer. A meta-analysiscomparing techniques for detection of recurrence determined that PET-CTperformed better than CT or MRI with sensitivities of 95% vs 79% and75%, respectively, and specificities of 88% vs 84% and 78%, respectively(Gu et al., European Journal of Radiology. 2009; 71(1):164-174).

If epithelial ovarian cancer is diagnosed early (Stage I or Localized),the 5-year survival rate is 92%. Stage II or Regional 5-year survivalrate is approximately 76%. Stage III/IV or Distant 5-year survival rateis around 30%. Approximately 66-80% of women with epithelial ovariancancer are diagnosed at Stage III or higher (American Cancer Society).

All ovarian cancer patients, except those going immediately topalliative care, require surgery, with most women having surgery soonafter the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed. For premenopausal womenwith early stage (Stage I) disease, an individualized approach thatincludes fertility preserving options is sometimes possible. Whenfertility is not a concern in younger women, or in women who are nolonger of reproductive age, surgery for early-stage disease (Stage I-II)most commonly removes the uterus, cervix, both fallopian tubes, and bothovaries. Pelvic washings are always done prior to any surgicalmanipulation to determine the presence of cancer cells in the peritonealfluid. Additional biopsies and/or lymph node dissections may also beperformed if the intraoperative findings differ from the preoperativeimaging studies.

For later stage cancers, Stage III-IV, women may be given the option ofclinical trials in addition to traditional therapy. Most Stage IIIcancer is managed initially with a debulking cytoreductive surgery withthe goal being to reduce the tumor burden as much as possible allowingthe patient the most optimal outcome from chemotherapy. The debulkingsurgery includes removing as many diseased organs as possibly includingthe uterus, cervix, tubes, and ovaries along with any diseased organs ortissue including pelvic lymph nodes, the peritoneal lining, part of thediaphragm, bowel, spleen, and portions of the liver. Optimal surgicaldebulking is defined as removing the tumor and leaving residual implantsthat are <1 cm in greatest diameter. Optimal surgical debulking has beenshown to improve survival outcomes.

The most common chemotherapeutic agents used to treat epithelial ovariancancer after initial surgery are cisplatin or carboplatin pluspaclitaxel or docetaxel. These two drugs are most commonly given IVthree to four weeks apart for a total of six treatments (Matulonis etal., Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2016; 2(1):16061). Approximately70-80% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer will relapse afterinitial therapy is completed (Lorusso et al., International Journal ofSurgical Oncology. 2012; 2012:613980). Once a woman has relapsed withovarian cancer, she also has a high likelihood of her cancer becomingplatinum resistant. A woman who has relapsed with epithelial ovariancancer is not considered curable. This fact drives second-line therapyresearch toward non-platinum-based drugs that could extend mediansurvival times beyond the ˜12-months post recurrence generally observed(Davis et al., Gynecologic Oncology. 2014; 133(3):624-631).

Often, a woman with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer will havesubsequent surgeries done for further cytoreduction, commonly calledinterval debulking, or for complications commonly seen with metastaticovarian cancer including most commonly bowel obstructions.

Materials and Methods

Folate-hshta-Lys(MPBA)-Gly-Phe-Lys(DOTA)

Folate-hshta-G-F-K(¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA)-OH has four components: Folate-hshta isthe targeting vector (where h=d-histidine, s=d-serine, t=d-threonine,and a=d-alanine), G-F-K (Glycine-Phenylalanine-Lysine) is a L-amino acidlinker that is susceptible to enzymatic cleavage at the renal brushborder membrane for kidney protection, DOTA(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) is aradiometal chelator, and ¹⁷⁷Lu is the beta emitter that uponinternalization delivers radiation to the nucleus of tumor cells tocause DNA damage. The targeting vector utilizes folate conjugated tohshta, a d-amino-acid-containing cyclic peptide, resulting in highaffinity for the folate receptor alpha (FOLR).

Indi 7327 Precursor Synthesis

Standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) coupling conditions usingfluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acids and chlorotritylchloride (CTC) resin were employed to synthesize the linear compound(Table 11, Scheme 1). The click macrocyclization reaction was catalyzedby copper iodide on resin. The C-terminus lysine was selectivelydeprotected to reveal a free amine, which was used to conjugate the DOTAchelating moiety. Finally, the peptide was cleaved from the resin anddeprotected in one step. All components (amino acids, pteroic acid, andDOTA) were obtained from commercial sources.

TABLE 11 Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) Steps Step NumberMaterials Coupling Reagents 1 Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH (1.00 eq) DIEA (4.00 eq)2 Fmoc-Phe-OH (3.00 eq) HBTU (2.85 eq) and DIEA (6.00 eq) 3 Fmoc-Gly-OH(3.00 eq) HBTU (2.85 eq) and DIEA (6.00 eq) 4 Fmoc-Lys(N₃)-OH (2.00 eq)HATU (1.90 eq) and DIEA (4.00 eq) 5 Fmoc-D-Ala-OH (3.00 eq) HBTU (2.85eq) and DIEA (6.00 eq) 6 Fmoc-D-Thr(tBu)-OH (3.00) HBTU (2.85 eq) andDIEA (6.00 eq) 7 Fmoc-D-His(Trt)-OH (3.00 eq) HBTU (2.85 eq) and DIEA(6.00 eq) 8 Fmoc-D-Ser(tBu)-OH (3.00 eq) HATU (2.85 eq) and DIEA (6.00eq) 9 Fmoc-D-His(Trt)-OH (3.00 eq) HATU (2.85 eq) and DIEA (6.00 eq) 10Fmoc-Pra-OH (2.00 eq) HATU (1.90 eq) and DIEA (4.00 eq) 11 Fmoc-Glu-OtBu(3.00 eq) HBTU (2.85 eq) and DIEA (6.00 eq) 12 PTEROIC ACID (CAS:119-24- EDCI (1.5 eq), HOBT (1.5 eq), and DIEA 4) (1.50 eq) (4.00 eq),36 hours (dissolve in DMSO 6 mg/mL) 13 Click Reaction CuI (0.75 eq),L-Ascorbic Acid (5.0 eq), piperidine (6 mL) in NMP (30 mL), 10 hours 14De-Dde 2% NH₂NH₂ in DMF 15 DOTA(3tBu)(CAS: 137076-54- HBTU (1.90 eq) andDIEA (4.00 eq) 1)(2.00 eq) CuI: copper (I) iodide; DIEA:N,N-diisopropylethylamine; DMF: dimethylformamide; EDCI:1-ethy1-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide; HATU:1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, Hexafluorophosphate AzabenzotriazoleTetramethyl Uronium; HBTU:2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate,Hexafluorophosphate Benzotriazole Tetramethyl Uronium; HOBT:1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate; NMP: N-methylpyrrolidone; SPPS: solidphase peptide synthesis.

Indi 7327 Precursor Purification and Analytical Testing

The crude material was purified using reverse phase high-performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) purification. HPLC analysis of the purifiedmaterial reveals high isolated purity of Indi 7327. This methodestimates purity to be 97%.

Purity and identity were determined by analytical HPLC and liquidchromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. LC/MSanalysis of the purified fractions exhibits polycationic speciesconsistent with Indi 7327. The most abundant ion is 648.6, correspondingto a [M+3H]³⁺ molecular species. Other identifiable charged speciesinclude 972.4, [M+2H]²⁺ and 486.7, [M+4H]⁴⁺.

⁷⁷Lu Labeling Procedures

¹⁷⁷Lu chloride (in 0.05 M HCl solution) was ordered from the NationalIsotope Development Center (NIDC). The material is produced weekly fromthe University of Missouri Research Reactor Center (MURR). Bufferedgentisic acid (260-330 μL) is added to the desired quantity of ¹⁷⁷Luchloride (typically 814-1665 MBq of activity which corresponds to 10-20μL of the solution as received) in a metal-free Eppendorf. The gentisicacid solution is prepared by diluting gentisic acid to a concentrationof 10 mg/mL in 0.4 M NaOAc (pH=4.5). Gentisic acid is utilized tominimize radiolysis of the peptide. A volume of peptide solution isadded to the reaction corresponding to the desired specific activity(typically 60-120 μL). After all additions are complete, a final pHmeasurement is taken. The measured reaction pH has consistently fallenwithin the acceptable pH of 4.5-4.8 and has never required adjustment.The reaction is aged for 15 minutes at 95° C. Labeling efficiency andyield of the ¹⁷⁷Lu chelation reaction are determined by reverse phaseHPLC coupled to an in-line radio detector. The ¹⁷⁷Lu labeling of Indi7327 occurs in near quantitative yield. No un-chelated ¹⁷⁷Lu is present.

Results Nonclinical studies were first conducted withFolate-hshta-PEG₁₀-PEG₁₀-K(Biotin), where Folate-hshta is the targetingheterobiligand, PEG₁₀ is a deca(ethylene glycol) linker, and K(Biotin)is the detection label. This peptide-folate heterobiligand showed lowpicomolar affinity (EC₅₀=65 μM) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), enhanced binding to human FOLR protein compared to folatealone, and selective binding in human OVCAR3 (FOLR+) epithelial ovariancancer cells (FIG. 6). Tested alone, the macrocyclic peptide ligandhshta demonstrated low micromolar affinity for recombinant human FOLRprotein in ELISA. Conjugation of hshta to folate ligand yielded a highlypotent heterobiligand with ˜30-fold greater affinity than folate itself.This heterobiligand was resilient to displacement by exogenous folate ina competitive ELISA. Cross reactivity with the murine folate receptorwas also observed. Dose-dependent binding to human OVCAR3 (FOLR+)ovarian cancer cells and low non-specific binding to PC3 (FOLR−) cellswere demonstrated by flow cytometry. Selective internalization intoOVCAR3 (FOLR+) cells and limited uptake into PC3 (FOLR−) cells weredemonstrated by live cell imaging of DyLight650-labeled peptide-folateheterobiligand on a confocal microscope. In the merged image, purplepuncta were observed indicating co-localization of internalizedheterobiligand with early endosomes (Rab5a+ vesicles) in OVCAR3 cells.An acid wash (pH 3.0) assay (Kamen et al., Journal of BiologicalChemistry. 1988; 263(27):13602-13609) analyzed by flow cytometryprovided further evidence that a high percentage of DyLight650-labeledpeptide-folate heterobiligand was internalized in the OVCAR3 cell line.

To reduce treatment-related kidney exposure, the heterobiligand waschemically modified with a 3-amino acid (Gly-Phe-Lys) linker that issusceptible to cleavage by neprilysin, an abundant endopeptidase on therenal brush border membrane. In vitro cleavage studies of Indi 7327(Folate-hshta-G-F-K(DOTA)-OH) confirmed that the G-F-K sequence isselectively recognized by neprilysin and cleaved at the amide bondbetween Gly and Phe, thus releasing the DOTA chelator fragmentcontaining Lys. In vitro bioanalysis studies showed that Indi 7327 isstable in both human and mouse plasma (T_(1/2)>6900 min), 40.87% boundto mouse plasma proteins, and 40.29% bound to human plasma proteins. Invivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Indi ⁶⁸Ga-7327 showeda significant reduction in kidney uptake with rapid drainage to thebladder in human OVCAR3 (FOLR+) tumor implanted female NOD scid gamma(NSG) mice. This is consistent with the mechanism that cleavage in therenal brush border membrane liberates the intact radionuclide-chelatorcomplex, which is then excreted in the urine. Similar tumor uptake ofIndi ⁶⁸Ga-7327 was observed when compared to constructs that lack therenal brush border cleavage site.

A series of in vivo studies examining the tolerated doses and anti-tumoractivity of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 were conducted using IV administration.Healthy, non-tumor bearing female NSG mice tolerated three treatments ofIndi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 at radioactive doses up to 111 MBq. In OVCAR3 tumorimplanted female NSG mice, two treatments of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 at aradioactive dose of 29.6 MBq resulted in tumor stasis. Tumor stasis wasalso observed in OVCAR3 tumor implanted female NSG mice that receivedtwo treatments of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 at a radioactive dose of 74 MBq. Tumorregression was then observed in OVCAR3 tumor implanted female NSG micethat received two treatments of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 at 29.6 MBq followed bya third treatment at 74 MBq. Kidney injury biomarker levels in mouseplasma collected at study endpoints were determined to be largely in thenormal range. Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 treated mice demonstrated normal bodyweights (+/−10%) and behavior (no observable change).

Biodistribution was initially evaluated by PET imaging, as the timeframe for a significant portion of clearance is roughly similar to thetime frame of PET imaging experiments. Indi ⁶⁸Ga-7327 was injected viathe tail vein into OVCAR3 (FOLR+) tumor implanted female NSG mice oncethe tumor size reached 200 mm³, and microPET/CT scans were acquired at 5min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h post-injection. PETimages were corrected for CT-based photon attenuation, detectornormalization and radioisotope decay and converted to units of percentinjected dose per cc (% ID/cc). The imaging study revealed that thebiodistribution of Indi ⁶⁸Ga-7327 is based in the tumor and clearanceorgans (kidney, bladder). Rapid accumulation of Indi ⁶⁸Ga-7327 wasobserved in the tumor, with 1.55% ID/cc at 4 h post-injection. Radiationthat has found the tumor folate receptor is internalized and no longersubject to clearance mechanisms. Indi ⁶⁸Ga-7327 clears via the kidneysto the bladder for excretion in the urine.

Therapy response based on Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 has been demonstrated in anumber of tumor stasis or regression studies using IV administration.Female NSG mice were implanted subcutaneously with human OVCAR3 (FOLR+)ovarian cancer cells. Once tumors reached volumes of 200 mm³, theanimals were treated with Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. One treatment arm of 74 MBqand a control group of 0 MBq were studied (FIGS. 41 and 38A). Followingtwo doses of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 at 74 MBq, there was a decrease in tumorvolume. The second dose was administered 21 days following the firstdose. Statistically significant differential between treated and controlwas reached 24 days post-injection (three days following the seconddose) for the 74 MBq arm. P values (* for p≤0.05, ** for p≤0.01) weredetermined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisonstest. Normal body weights and behavior (no observable change) indicatedthat the treatments were well tolerated.

Another therapy response study in OVCAR3 tumor-bearing NSG miceevaluated three treatment arms of 9.25, 14.8, and 29.6 MBq and a controlgroup of 0 MBq (FIGS. 36 and 37). Following two doses of Indi¹⁷⁷Lu-7327, there was a dose dependent decrease in tumor volume. Thesecond dose was administered 21 days following the first dose. Animalsreceiving the 29.6 MBq dose of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 exhibited modest (5-10%)loss of body weight that stabilized and then recovered 10 days followingthe second dose. Normal body weights and behavior (no observable change)indicated that the treatments were well tolerated.

Statistically significant differential between treated and control wasreached 12 days post-injection for the 29.6 MBq arm. P values (* forp≤0.05) were determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiplecomparisons test. At 45 days post-injection, the animals bearing thesmallest tumors were re-randomized and given elevated doses of Indi¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. Three treatment arms of 46.3, 74, and 148 MBq were studied(FIG. 38A). Tumor volumes for the 74 and 148 MBq arms decreased by 50%,on average, following this single elevated therapeutic dose. On day 24,the mice received an additional treatment that maintained the therapyresponse. These data show that Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 can stabilize and, ataugmented doses, reverse the growth of FOLR-expressing tumors.

We have been using mouse body weight, mouse behavior, and kidney injurybiomarkers (at end of study) to assess toxicology. Weight loss providesinformation on longer time horizons for doses at or below the maximumtolerated dose (MTD). In order to establish a MTD, dose range findingstudies were undertaken testing increasing amounts of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 inhealthy, non-tumor bearing female NSG mice using IV administration(FIGS. 34 and 35). Mouse body weight and behavior were monitored.Multiple dose administration of 14.8, 22.2, 29.6, and 37 MBq were welltolerated. The second and third doses were administered 21 daysfollowing the previous dose. At the high doses of 111 and 185 MBq,animals lost substantial body weight following the first dose, whichworsened following the second and third doses. These studies establishedan MTD for Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 that lies between 37 and 111 MBq. The hightolerability observed in the 0 MBq group (treated with Indi 7327)indicates that the radionuclide drives the toxicity profile and not thepeptide alone.

To reduce the radioactive dose to the kidney, Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 wasconstructed to incorporate a GFK linker that is susceptible to cleavageby enzymes found predominately in the kidney's brush border. Theseenzymes cleave off the radionuclide-chelator complex, which is quicklyeliminated by the kidney for excretion in the urine. The zincmetalloprotease neprilysin (NEP) is expressed with high abundance in thekidney. Preclinical studies by Suzuki et al. showed that the tripeptideGFK sequence is recognized as a substrate and cleaved by NEP on therenal brush border membrane (Suzuk et al., Journal of MedicinalChemistry. 2018; 61(12):5257-5268). To confirm NEP-mediated cleavage ofthe GFK linker in Indi 7327, the peptide was incubated with recombinanthuman NEP at 37° C. for 1 h and analyzed by matrix-assisted laserdesorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for the evolution ofcleaved adducts (FIG. 42). Titration of NEP (10.0 to 0 nM) resulted inpartial to complete cleavage of Indi 7327. The expected cleaved adduct(mass: 1283.16 m/z) appears in the samples containing 10, 1.0, and 0.1nM NEP. At 10 nM NEP, no intact Indi 7327 remains indicating completeconsumption of the peptide. At 1.0 and 0.1 nM NEP, partial cleavage wasobserved. Below 0.1 nM NEP, no cleavage was observed. In addition toconfirming the selectivity of NEP for the GFK linker, it is alsoimportant to note that the remaining portions of the Indi 7327 wereimpervious to the enzyme.

In vitro bioanalysis studies showed that Indi 7327 is stable in plasma(T_(1/2)2>6900 min), 40.87% bound to mouse plasma proteins, and 40.29%bound to human plasma proteins (Table 2).

Kidney injury biomarkers were evaluated from mouse plasma collected atthe end of the therapy response studies of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327. The bloodurea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were evaluated to gaininformation on renal function. After Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327 therapy, mouseplasma from the treatment arms of 9.25, 14.8, and 29.6 MBq and thecontrol group of 0 MBq showed normal BUN (Table 9) and creatinine levels(Table 10). After augmenting the dose of Indi ¹⁷⁷Lu-7327, BUN andcreatinine levels were normal in the treatment arms of 46.3 and 74 MBqand elevated at the highest dosing (148 MBq) (Tables 9 and 10).

It is understood that the disclosed method and compositions are notlimited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents describedas these can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology usedherein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, andis not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which willbe limited only by the appended claims.

Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be usedfor, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, orare products of the disclosed method and compositions. These and othermaterials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that whencombinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials aredisclosed that while specific reference of each various individual andcollective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not beexplicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and describedherein. For example, if a ligand is disclosed and discussed and a numberof modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including theligand are discussed, each and every combination and permutation ofligand and the modifications that are possible are specificallycontemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if aclass of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class ofmolecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D isdisclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each isindividually and collectively contemplated. Thus, is this example, eachof the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F arespecifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed fromdisclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D.Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specificallycontemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E,B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considereddisclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the examplecombination A-D. Further, each of the materials, compositions,components, etc. contemplated and disclosed as above can also bespecifically and independently included or excluded from any group,subgroup, list, set, etc. of such materials. These concepts apply to allaspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps inmethods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if thereare a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understoodthat each of these additional steps can be performed with any specificembodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, andthat each such combination is specifically contemplated and should beconsidered disclosed.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “aligand” includes a plurality of such ligands, reference to “the ligand”is a reference to one or more ligands and equivalents thereof known tothose skilled in the art, and so forth.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word“comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and“comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intendedto exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers or steps.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event,circumstance, or material may or may not occur or be present, and thatthe description includes instances where the event, circumstance, ormaterial occurs or is present and instances where it does not occur oris not present.

Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of the word “can”indicates an option or capability of the object or condition referredto. Generally, use of “can” in this way is meant to positively state theoption or capability while also leaving open that the option orcapability could be absent in other forms or embodiments of the objector condition referred to. Unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise, use of the word “may” indicates an option or capability ofthe object or condition referred to. Generally, use of “may” in this wayis meant to positively state the option or capability while also leavingopen that the option or capability could be absent in other forms orembodiments of the object or condition referred to. Unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise, use of “may” herein does not refer to anunknown or doubtful feature of an object or condition.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value,and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, also specifically contemplated and considered disclosed isthe range from the one particular value and/or to the other particularvalue unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Similarly,when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent“about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another,specifically contemplated embodiment that should be considered disclosedunless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It will be furtherunderstood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant bothin relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the otherendpoint unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It shouldbe understood that all of the individual values and sub-ranges of valuescontained within an explicitly disclosed range are also specificallycontemplated and should be considered disclosed unless the contextspecifically indicates otherwise. Finally, it should be understood thatall ranges refer both to the recited range as a range and as acollection of individual numbers from and including the first endpointto and including the second endpoint. In the latter case, it should beunderstood that any of the individual numbers can be selected as oneform of the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. Inthis way, a range describes a set of numbers or values from andincluding the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint fromwhich a single member of the set (i.e. a single number) can be selectedas the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. Theforegoing applies regardless of whether in particular cases some or allof these embodiments are explicitly disclosed.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the artto which the disclosed method and compositions belong. Although anymethods and materials similar or equivalent to those described hereincan be used in the practice or testing of the present method andcompositions, the particularly useful methods, devices, and materialsare as described. Publications cited herein and the material for whichthey are cited are hereby specifically incorporated by reference.Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the presentinvention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of priorinvention. No admission is made that any reference constitutes priorart. The discussion of references states what their authors assert, andapplicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency ofthe cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although anumber of publications are referred to herein, such reference does notconstitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of thecommon general knowledge in the art.

Although the description of materials, compositions, components, steps,techniques, etc. can include numerous options and alternatives, thisshould not be construed as, and is not an admission that, such optionsand alternatives are equivalent to each other or, in particular, areobvious alternatives. Thus, for example, a list of different ligandsdoes not indicate that the listed ligands are obvious one to the other,nor is it an admission of equivalence or obviousness.

Every compound disclosed herein is intended to be and should beconsidered to be specifically disclosed herein. Further, every subgroupthat can be identified within this disclosure is intended to be andshould be considered to be specifically disclosed herein. As a result,it is specifically contemplated that any compound, or subgroup ofcompounds can be either specifically included for or excluded from useor included in or excluded from a list of compounds.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments of the method and compositions described herein. Suchequivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A composition comprising a first component and a secondcomponent, wherein the first and second components are coupled via alinking component, wherein the linking component comprises a neprilysin(NEP) cleavage site, wherein the NEP cleavage site can be cleaved byNEP, wherein cleavage of NEP cleavage site separates the first componentfrom the second component.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein theNEP cleavage site comprises Gly-Phe-Lys or Met-Val-Lys.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the first component comprises atherapeutic agent, a detection agent, or a combination thereof.
 4. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the first component comprises aradioisotope.
 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the radioisotope is¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ^(99m)Tc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁵¹Cr, ¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁴¹Ce,¹¹¹In, ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁴⁰La, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁸Y, ¹⁵³Sm ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²⁰³Pb, ²¹¹Bi, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi ²¹⁴Bi,¹⁰⁵Rh ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹¹⁷mSn, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁸F, ⁸⁹Zr, ¹²⁴I, ⁸⁶Y,^(94m)Tc, ^(110m)In, ¹¹C, or ⁷⁶Br.
 6. The composition of claim 1,wherein the first component is toxic to a cell, to an organ, or to both.7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the separation of the firstcomponent from the second component reduces toxic effect of the firstcomponent to the cell, the organ, a subject containing the cell, theorgan, or both, or a combination thereof, compared to the toxic effectof the uncleaved composition.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein thereduction in the toxic effect is at least partially due to: (a) anincreased delivery percentage of the separated first component to atumor compared to the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition;(b) an increased delivery rate of the separated first component to atumor compared to the delivery rate of the uncleaved composition; (c) anincreased rate of clearance of the separated first component from thesubject compared to the rate of clearance of the uncleaved composition;(d) an increased delivery percentage of the separated first component toa second cell, to a second organ, or to both compared to the deliverypercentage of the uncleaved composition; or (e) an increased deliverypercentage of the separated first component to the cell, to the organ,or to both compared to the delivery percentage of the uncleavedcomposition.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second componentcomprises a ligand.
 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the ligandcan bind to a target.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the secondcomponent comprises a biligand or a heterobiligand.
 12. The compositionof claim 11, wherein the biligand and the heterobiligand each comprisetwo ligands, wherein both of the two ligands of the biligand andheterobiligand can bind either two separate parts of the same target ortwo different targets.
 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein eachtarget is, independently, a detection target, a therapeutic target, botha detection target and a therapeutic target, or a combination thereof.14. The composition of claim 1, wherein one or more of the secondcomponent, the linking component, and the first component furthercomprise an albumin binding moiety.
 15. The composition of claim 1,wherein the albumin binding moiety is 4-methylphenyl butyric acid(4-MPBA) or 4-iodophenyl butyric acid (IPBA).
 16. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein one or more of the second component, the linkingcomponent, and the first component further comprise a reporter moiety.17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises thestructure (I):

or a salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L¹ and L²are each individually a bond or an optionally substituted linker moiety,wherein each linker moiety optionally comprises a linkage to the NEPcleavage site and the first component, a linkage to the first component,a linkage to a ligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, a linkage to analbumin binding moiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, or combinationsthereof; G is a triazole, a carbon-carbon double bond or an amide; M ismethionine; R is H or an optionally substituted linker moiety, whereineach linker moiety optionally comprises a linkage to the NEP cleavagesite and the first component, a linkage to the first component, alinkage to a ligand, a linkage to a reporter moiety, a linkage to analbumin binding moiety, a linkage to a peptide ligand, or combinationsthereof; R¹ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; Y¹ and Y² are each individually 0 or 1;and SEQ is an amino acid sequence comprising from 2 to 20 amino acidsselected from natural and non-natural amino acids.
 18. The compositionof claim 17, wherein L¹ is —C(HR²)— wherein R² is H, —R⁵-L³-A¹,—R⁵—C(═O)-L³-A¹, —R⁵-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵—C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹, —R⁵-L³(-A²)-A¹, or—R⁵—C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where —R⁵ is absent, —C(═O)—NH—, or—CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L³ is a linker moiety, and where A¹ and A²independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof, wherein L² is —C(HR⁴)—, wherein R⁴ is H,—R⁶-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵-A³, —R⁶-A⁴-L⁵-A³, —R⁶—C(═O)-A⁴-L⁵-A³,—R⁶-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, or —R⁶—C(═O)-L⁵(-A⁴)-A³, where —R⁶ is absent,—C(═O)—NH—, or —CH₂—C(═O)—NH—, where L⁵ is a linker moiety, and where A³and A⁴ independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof, and wherein R is H, -L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵,-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, -L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or —C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷is a linker moiety and A⁵ and A⁶ independently comprise the NEP cleavagesite and the first component, the first component, a linkage to aligand, a reporter moiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand,a linker moiety, or combinations thereof.
 19. The composition of claim17, wherein one or more of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, and A⁶ individually andindependently comprise a combination of one or more of the following:the NEP cleavage site and the first component, the first component, alinkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, an albumin binding moiety, and apeptide ligand.
 20. The composition of claim 17, wherein the compositionhas one of the following structures (Ia) or (Ib):

wherein: R³ is H, -L³-A¹, —C(═O)-L³-A¹, -A²-L³-A¹, —C(═O)-A²-L³-A¹,-L³(-A²)-A¹, or —C(═O)-L³(-A²)-A¹, where L³ is a linker moiety and A¹and A² independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the firstcomponent, the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reportermoiety, an albumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof; and x and y are each independently an integer from1 to
 8. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein R is H, -L⁷-A⁵,—C(═O)-L⁷-A⁵, -A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, —C(═O)-A⁶-L⁷-A⁵, -L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, or—C(═O)-L⁷(-A⁶)-A⁵, where L⁷ is a linker moiety and A⁵ and A⁶independently comprise the NEP cleavage site and the first component,the first component, a linkage to a ligand, a reporter moiety, analbumin binding moiety, a peptide ligand, a linker moiety, orcombinations thereof.
 22. The composition of claim 20, wherein thecomposition has one of the following structures:


23. The composition of claim 17, wherein the linker moietiesindependently comprise ethylene glycol, triazole, lysine, ethylenediamine, or combinations thereof.
 24. The composition of claim 17,wherein SEQ comprises from 2 to 9 amino acids.
 25. The composition ofclaim 17, wherein SEQ comprises from 5 to 7 amino acids.
 26. Thecomposition of claim 17, wherein SEQ comprise natural amino acids,non-natural amino acids, or a combination of natural and non-naturalamino acids.
 27. A method of treating a subject having a tumor, themethod comprising administering to the subject a composition accordingto claim 1, wherein the first component is toxic to a cell, to an organ,or to both, wherein the separation of the first component from thesecond component reduces toxic effect of the first component to thecell, the organ, a subject containing the cell, the organ, or both, or acombination thereof, compared to the toxic effect of the uncleavedcomposition.
 28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the reduction inthe toxic effect is at least partially due to: (a) an increased deliverypercentage of the separated first component to a tumor compared to thedelivery percentage of the uncleaved composition; (b) an increaseddelivery rate of the separated first component to a tumor compared tothe delivery rate of the uncleaved composition; (c) an increased rate ofclearance of the separated first component from the subject compared tothe rate of clearance of the uncleaved composition; (d) an increaseddelivery percentage of the separated first component to a second cell,to a second organ, or to both compared to the delivery percentage of theuncleaved composition; or (e) an increased delivery percentage of theseparated first component to the cell, to the organ, or to both comparedto the delivery percentage of the uncleaved composition.
 29. The organof claim 27, wherein the organ is the kidney, lung or heart.